The Heart The membrane forming the outer lining of the heart is called the epicardium Immediately beneath the epicardium is the myocardium comprising the muscles blood vessels and nerve tissue that make up the bulk of the heart The hearts inner surface is called the ID: 920563
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Slide1
Cardiovascular system
Slide2The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels(which includes all the arteries, veins, and capillaries, that carry blood to all parts of the body
The Heart
The membrane forming the outer lining of the heart is called the epicardium. Immediately beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, comprising the muscles, blood vessels, and nerve tissue that make up the bulk of the heart. The heart's inner surface is called the endocardium.The heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium (peri- means around)
Layers of the heart and pericardium
Slide3The heart has four chambers:
the right atrium
, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. They are separated by septa(singular, septum). The names and locations of the septa are easy to remember because they include the names of the parts they separate. They are the interventricular septum (separates the two ventricles) and the interatrial septum (separates the two atria). Also, each atrium is divided from each ventricle by an atrioventricular septum, which contains various valves.The right atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the tricuspid valve, leads from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar valve connects the right ventricle to the lungs, which also connect to the left ventricle through the left atrium by way of the left atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the bicuspid or mitral valve. The aortic semilunar valve leads out of the left ventricle.
The structures of the heart
Slide4COMMON WORD ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE HEART
Word or Word Element
Refers to
aort/o aorta
atri
/o
atrium
brady-
slow
card/i/o
heart
corona
the adjective form “coronary” is sometimes used to describe anatomic structures, such as nerves, ligaments, and blood vessels, especially the arteries of the heart
electr
/o
electrical
endo-
inside
peri-
around, surrounding
-stenosis
a narrowing
Slide5Heart Disorders and Procedures
Disorders of the heart are diagnosed and treated by cardiologists, who work in the field of cardiology.
The heart can be compared to a mechanical device that relies on electricity for its operation. Electrical impulses emitted within the heart stimulate the heart to pump. When the electrical system malfunctions, the heart will beat too fast, too slow, at an irregular pace, or not at all, depending on the nature of the malfunction.Arrhythmia is most often defined as an irregular heartbeat at any speed. When the heart pumps too fast, defined as any rate greater than 100 beats per minute, the condition is called tachycardia. The Greek word for “fast,” tachys, gives us the prefix tachy- and also the common English word tachometer. A heart that is pumping too slow, which is defined as any rate less than 60 beats per minute, exhibits a condition known as
bradycardia. The prefix brady- is also of Greek origin, coming from the word for “slow”: bradys. Tachycardia is also called
tachyarrhythmia
, and bradycardia is called
bradyarrhythmia
.
Ischemia(meaning
"
to keep back
"
)is defined as a deficiency of blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium.
Slide6COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEART
Term
Definition
atriomegalyenlargement of an atrium
Bradycardia
also called bradyarrhythmia
; abnormally slow
heartbeat
cardiodynia
heart pain
cardiogram (This word and the next are often called “electrocardiogram” and “electrocardiograph,” respectively; the abbreviation for both can be either EKG or ECG.)
a graphic trace of heart functions
cardiograph (also “
myocardiograph
,” as well as “electrocardiograph,” as noted above)
a machine to electrically measure heart functions
Echocardiography (from the Greek
ekhe
means
sound;
cardi
/o means heart; -
graphy
is the process of recording)
Ultrasonic procedure used to evaluate the structure and motion of the heart
Sphygmomanometer
Instrument used to measure blood pressure
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
cardiopathy
any heart disease
cardiorrhexis
rupture in the wall of the heart muscle
carditis
inflammation of the heart
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
myocardial infarction (often abbreviated MI)
heart attack; patients suspected of having had an MI are given a blood test to measure the level of troponin in the blood (troponin is a protein that is released when an MI occurs)
Slide7Read the following excerpt from a cardiac catheterization report and answer the questions:
Left ventriculography shows the left ventricle is normal in configuration, dimensions, and segmental wall motion with ejection fraction computed at 58% by area-length method. There is no evidence of mitral regurgitation. Coronary arteriography of left anterior descending artery shows 70% focal stenosis immediately after the first septal perforator branch.
What word root and suffix are contained in the term ventriculography? What does the term mean?What does the adjective coronary mean?What does the word stenosis mean?View Answer1. ventricul/o (root) -graphy (suffix); a record of the ventricle2. heart-related3. obstruction
Slide8Common Abbreviations
Slide9Pharmacology
Cardiac glycosides: are drugs that increase the force of the myocardial contractions without causing an increase in oxygen consumption.
Antiarrhythmics: (anti- means against, a- means without, rhythm means regular recurrence, -ic is an adjective suffix meaning pertaining to), drugs used to restore heart rhythm to normal.Diuretics: drugs used to remove water or fluid from the body, thus decreasing blood pressure and workload of the heart.Vasodilators: (vas/o means vessel; dilate means open up a hollow structure) these drugs are used to increase the lumen of the blood vessels, and prescribe for treating the high blood pressure conditions (hypertension HTN).Vasoconstrictors: (vas/o means vessel; constriction means narrow the opening of the hollow structure) decrease the inside diameter of the blood vessels, causing an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstrictors are
are used for treating low blood pressure conditions (hypotension).
Slide10Pharmacology (R.S.)
Sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, fever, wheezing, and dyspnea (difficult breathing) are all symptoms of respiratory disorders that can be treated with pharmacologic agents.
Following are some of the drug classifications used in treating respiratory conditions:Antipyretics: against feverBronchodilators: open up (dilate) the bronchusMucolytics: mucus dissolvingCorticosteroids: treat inflammatory and allergic conditionsDecongestants: reduce nasal congestion