Learning Objectives Describe the structure of the heart Trace the path of blood flow through the heart Trace the path of electrical conduction through the heart Identify the components of an electrocardiogram ID: 775372
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Slide1
Chapter
9: Circulation: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Slide2Learning Objectives
Describe the structure of the heart.Trace the path of blood flow through the heart.Trace the path of electrical conduction through the heart.Identify the components of an electrocardiogram.Differentiate among arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules.Explain blood pressure and describe how blood pressure is measured.
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Slide3Learning Objectives (cont.)
Identify and use the roots pertaining to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.Describe the main disorders that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.Define medical terms pertaining to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.List the functions and components of the lymphatic system.Interpret medical abbreviations referring to circulation.Analyze medical terms in case studies involvingcirculation.
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Slide4Pretest
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and: (a) lungs (b) blood vessels (c) digestive organs (d) endocrine system
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Slide5Pretest
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and: (a) lungs (b) blood vessels (c) digestive organs (d) endocrine system
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Slide6Pretest
The thick, muscular layer of the heart wall is the: (a) endocardium (b) valve (c) myocardium (d) apex
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Slide7Pretest
The thick, muscular layer of the heart wall is the: (a) endocardium (b) valve (c) myocardium (d) apex
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Slide8Pretest
The upper chambers of the heart are the: (a) ventricles (b) atria (c) base (d) systole
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Slide9Pretest
The upper chambers of the heart are the: (a) ventricles (b) atria (c) base (d) systole
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Slide10Pretest
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart is a(n): (a) vein (b) chamber (c) lymph node (d) artery
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Slide11Pretest
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart is a(n): (a) vein (b) chamber (c) lymph node (d) artery
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Slide12Pretest
The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and nodes are part of the: (a) digestive system (b) endocrine system (c) epicardium (d) lymphatic system
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Slide13Pretest
The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and nodes are part of the: (a) digestive system (b) endocrine system (c) epicardium (d) lymphatic system
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Slide14Pretest
The medical term for a “heart attack” iscerebrovascular accidentmyocardial infarctionaneurysmpneumonia
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Slide15Pretest
The medical term for a “heart attack” iscerebrovascular accidentmyocardial infarctionaneurysmpneumonia
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Slide16Pretest
The accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining of a vessel is called: (a) obesity (b) stent (c) atherosclerosis (d) angiogenesis
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Slide17Pretest
The accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining of a vessel is called: (a) obesity (b) stent (c) atherosclerosis (d) angiogenesis
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Slide18Pretest
Phlebitis is inflammation of a: (a) vein (b) heart (c) blood cell (d) nerve
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Slide19Pretest
Phlebitis is inflammation of a: (a) vein (b) heart (c) blood cell (d) nerve
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Slide20Roots for the Heart
RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Examplecardi/oheartcardiomyopathy*any disease of the heart muscleatri/oatriumatriotomysurgical incision of an atriumventricul/ocavity, ventriclesupraventricularabove a ventriclevalv/o, valvul/ovalvevalvulotomeinstrument for incising a valve* Preferred over myocardiopathy
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Slide21Roots for the Blood Vessels
RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Exampleangi/o*vesselangiographyx-ray imaging of a vesselvas/o, vascul/ovessel, ductvasospasmsudden contraction of a blood vesselarter/o, arteri/oarteryendarterialwithin an arteryarteriol/oarteriolearteriolarpertaining to an arterioleaort/oaortaaortoptosisdownward displacement of an aortaven/o, ven/iveinvenouspertaining to a veinphleb/oveinphlebotomyincision of a vein to withdraw blood*The root angi/o usually refers to a blood vessel but is used for other types of vessels as well. Hemangi/o refers specifically to a blood vessel.
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Slide22Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart and blood vessels.Circulates blood throughout body.Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells.Carries away waste products.
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Slide23Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Slide24The Heart
Located between lungsLayers of the heart:Endocardium = inside lining; lines chambers and valvesMyocardium = thick muscular layer that makes up heart wallEpicardium = outside thin lining; covers heartPericardium = surrounding fibrous sacAtria = upper receiving chambers (singular: atrium)
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Slide25The Heart (cont.)
Ventricles = Lower pumping chambers (singular: ventricle)Pulmonary circuit (right side to lungs)Systemic circuit (left side to rest of body)Chambers separated by septa (walls)Pumps blood through two circuitsPulmonary = right side to lungs; to be oxygenatedSystemic = left side; oxygenated blood to body
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Slide26The Heart and Great Vessels
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Slide27Blood Flow Through the Heart
Right atrium receives blood from body.Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs.Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium.Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body.One-way valves force blood flow forward.Heart sounds produced when valves close.
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Slide28The Heartbeat
Systole = contractionDiastole = relaxationHeartbeat starts with both atria contractingHeart rate = number of times heart contracts per minutePulse = wave of increased pressure as ventricles contract
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Slide29The Heartbeat (cont.)
Ventricles contract; contractions are stimulated by electrical impulseSinoatrial node (SA node)Atrioventricular node (AV node)AV bundleBundle branchesPurkinje fibers
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Slide30Conduction System of the Heart
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Slide31Electrocardiography
Measures heart’s electrical activity A. Normal sinus rhythm B. Waveforms:P waveQRST waveU wave
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Slide32The Vascular System
Arteries and arteriolesCarry blood away from heartCapillariesSmallest vesselsSite of exchange between blood and tissuesVenules and veinsCarry blood back to heart
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Slide33Blood Pressure
Force of blood exerted against wall of blood vesselInfluenced by cardiac output, vessel diameters, total blood volumeMeasured by sphygmomanometerMeasured as both systolic and diastolic pressures
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Slide34Principal Arteries
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Slide35Principal Veins
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Slide36Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function
TermsMeaningaortaThe largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body (root: aort/o)aortic valveThe valve at the entrance to the aortaapexThe point of a cone-shaped structure (adjective, apical). The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and leftarteryA vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood (root: arteri/o)arterioleA small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries (root: arteriol/o)atrioventricular (AV) nodeA small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles
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Slide37Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
TermsMeaningatrioventricular (AV) valveA valve between the atrium and ventricle on the right and left sides of the heart. The right AV valve is the tricuspid valve; the left is the mitral valveatriumAn entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart (root atri/o)AV bundleA band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of Hisblood pressureThe force exerted by blood against the wall of a vesselbundle branchesBranches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septumcapillaryA microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
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Slide38TermsMeaningcardiovascular systemThe part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vesselsdepolarizationA change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or musclesdiastoleThe relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle; adjective, diastolicelectrocardiography (ECG)Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body. Also abbreviated EKG from the German electrokardiographyendocardiumThe thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valvesepicardiumThe thin outermost layer of the heart wallfunctional murmurAny sound produced as the heart functions normally
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Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
Slide39TermsMeaningheartThe muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)heart rateThe number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)heart soundsSounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2inferior vena cavaThe large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower bodyleft AV valveThe valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valvemitral valveThe valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
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Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
Slide40TermsMeaningmyocardiumThe thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac musclepericardiumThe fibrous sac that surrounds the heartpulmonary arteryThe vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungspulmonary circuitThe system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heartpulmonary veinsThe vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heartpulmonary valveThe valve at the entrance to the pulmonary arterypulseThe wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contractPurkinje fibersThe terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles
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Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
Slide41TermsMeaningrepolarizationA return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or musclesright AV valveThe valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valveseptum A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heartsinus rhythmNormal heart rhythmsinoatrial (SA) nodeA small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemakersphygmomanometerAn instrument for determining arterial blood pressure (root sphygm/o means “pulse”); blood pressure apparatus or cuffsuperior vena cavaThe large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body
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Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
Slide42TermsMeaningsystemic circuitThe system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heartsystoleThe contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle; adjective: systolicvalveA structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction (root: valv/o, valvul/o)veinA vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen (root: ven/o, phleb/o)ventricleA small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart (root: ventricul/o)venuleA small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veinsvesselA tube or duct to transport fluid (root: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o)
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Key Terms Cardiovascular System—Normal Structure and Function (cont.)
Slide43Clinical Aspects of the Circulatory System
AtherosclerosisAccumulation of fatty deposits within arteryRisk factors:High levels of lipoproteins (especially LDLs)SmokingHigh blood pressurePoor dietInactivityStressFamily history
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Slide44Thrombosis and Embolism
Definitions:Thrombosis = formation of blood clotThrombus = blood clot resulting in tissue deathEmbolism = obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulationEmbolus = a mass carried in the circulation; usually a blood clotBlockage is usually blood clotBlockage can also be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid materialsStroke = blockage in a cerebral vessel
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Slide45Aneurysm
Weakened arterial wall ballooning outCaused by:AtherosclerosisMalformationInjuryDissecting aneurysm sometimes ruptures vessel; possible to fix with graft
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Slide46Hypertension
Commonly known as high blood pressureContributing factor in many conditionsDefined as systolic >140 mmHg, diastolic >90 mmHgCauses left ventricle to enlargeFirst defense: diet and life habits
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Slide47Heart Diseases
Coronary artery diseaseResults from atherosclerosisEarly sign is angina pectoris (chest pain)Diagnosed by:ECGStress testsCoronary angiographyEchocardiography
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Slide48Heart Diseases (cont.)
Coronary artery disease (cont.)Treatments:Control of exercise, administration of nitroglycerinAngioplasty (PTCA)Bypass (CABG)
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Slide49Myocardial infarction (MI) = heart attackSymptoms (varies between genders):Precordial or epigastric painPain extending to jaw, arms, shoulderPallor (turns pale)DiaphoresisNauseaDyspnea (difficulty breathing)May also be burning sensation similar to heartburn
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Heart Diseases
(cont
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)
Slide50MI (cont.)Diagnosed by:Electrocardiography (ECG)Assays for specific substances in the blood (creatine kinase MB, increased troponin)
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Heart Diseases
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)
Slide51ArrhythmiaIrregularity of heart rhythmBradycardia = slower than averageTachycardia = faster than averageFibrillation = extremely rapid, ineffectiveRegulated/treated:Artificial pacemakerCardioversion with drugs or electric current (defibrillation)CPRAblation
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Heart Diseases
(cont
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)
Slide5252
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C.L.’s Case Study
Check up on the terms found in the case study
from the text: The physician ordered CL to wear a Holter Monitor for a month. The purpose of the monitor was to:assess how much CL sweat during activities.record any arrhythmias during the month.determine CL’s blood pressure during activities.monitor CL’s respiratory status for a month.
Slide5353
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C.L.’s Case Study
The physician ordered CL to wear a
Holter Monitor for a month. The purpose of the monitor was to:assess how much CL sweat during activities.record any arrhythmias during the month.determine CL’s blood pressure during activities.monitor CL’s respiratory status for a month.
Slide5454
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C.L.’s Case Study
Check up on the terms found in the case
study from the text: Discuss the two treatment options given to CL. Why would anticoagulants be prescribed? How would an ablation treat an arrhythmia?
Slide5555
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C.L.’s Case Study
Check up on the terms found in the case
study from the text: Discuss the two treatment options given to CL. Why would anticoagulants be prescribed? Anticoagulants would help prevent clot formation. How would an ablation treat an arrhythmia? An ablation would destroy a portion of the conduction pathway that is involved with the arrhythmia.
Slide56Heart Diseases (cont.)
Heart failureHeart fails to empty effectively, leading to edemaTreated with rest, drugs, diuretics, dietCongenital heart diseaseBirth defectsSeptalPatent ductus arteriosusMurmurCoarctation of the aortaMost can be corrected surgically
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Slide57Rheumatic heart diseaseStreptococcus infection damaging heart valvesTreated with antibioticsMay require surgical correction or valve replacement
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Heart Diseases
(cont
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Slide58Disorders of the Veins
Varicose veinsBreakdown in valves with chronic dilatationContributing factors:HeredityObesityProlonged standingPregnancyTreated: Elastic stockingsRemoval
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Slide59Disorders of the Veins (cont.)
Phlebitis = inflammation of veinsCauses:InfectionInjuryPoor circulationValve damageCan result in thrombophlebitis (blood clot)Most damaging if occurring deep
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Slide60Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders
TermsMeaninganeurysm A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burstangina pectorisA feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heartarrhythmia Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat (literally “without rhythm;” note doubled r). Also called dysrhythmiaarteriosclerosis Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissueatherosclerosisThe development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). The root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel”
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Slide61TermsMeaningbradycardiaA slow heart rate of less than 60 bpmcerebrovascular accident (CVA)Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called strokeclubbing Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulationcoarctation of the aortaLocalized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flowC-reactive proteinProtein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis; high CRP levels can indicate cardiovascular disease and its prognosiscyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide62TermsMeaningdeep vein thrombosis (DVT)Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veinsdiaphoresis Profuse sweatingdissecting aneurysmAn aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aortadyslipidemia Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea)edema Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid (see Fig. 6-4). Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide63TermsMeaningembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulationembolus A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the bodyfibrillation Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventriclesheart blockAn interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmiaheart failureA condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of bloodhemorrhoidA varicose vein in the rectumhypertensionA condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. Essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide64TermsMeaninginfarct An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the areaischemia Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation (root: hem/o)murmurAn abnormal heart soundmyocardial infarction (MI)Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area. Myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vesselocclusion A closing off or obstruction, as of a vesselpatent ductus arteriosusPersistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide65TermsMeaningphlebitis Inflammation of a veinplaqueA patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel. Atheromatous plaquerheumatic heart disease Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valveseptal defectAn opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-A-men o-VAL-e), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide66TermsMeaningshockCirculatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused by bacterial infectionsinus rhythmA normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) nodestenosisConstriction or narrowing of an openingstrokeSee cerebrovascular accidentsyncopeA temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; faintingtachycardiaAn abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide67TermsMeaningthrombophlebitisInflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clotthrombosisDevelopment of a blood clot within a vesselthrombusA blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root: thromb/o)varicose veinA twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root: varic/o); also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity (var-ih-KOS-ih-te)
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide68TermsMeaningangioplastyA procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel openartificial pacemakerA battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardiacardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massagecardioversionCorrection of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current (see defibrillation)
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide69TermsMeaningcoronary angiographyRadiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a cathetercoronary artery bypass graft (CABG)Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg's saphenous veincreatine kinase MB (CK-MB)Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damagedefibrillationUse of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide70TermsMeaningechocardiography (ECG)A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structureslipoproteinA compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very-low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL), and high-density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular systempercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wallstentA small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide71TermsMeaningstress testEvaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercisetroponin (Tn)A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
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Key Terms Cardiovascular Disorders (cont.)
Slide72Lymphatic System
Functions:Returns excess fluid and proteins from tissues to bloodstreamProtects body from impuritiesAbsorbs digested fats from small intestineLymph nodes in neck, armpit, chest, and groin filter lymph (fluid)Lower part and upper left side of body drains into thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)Upper right side of body drains into right lymphatic duct
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Slide73Lymphatic System (cont.)
Protective organs and tissues include:TonsilsThymus glandSpleenAppendixPeyer patches
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Slide74Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
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Lymphatic System
(cont
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)
Slide75Key Terms Lymphatic System
TermsMeaningappendixA small, finger-like mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestinelymphThe thin plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels (root: lymph/o)lymph nodeA small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph (root: lymphaden/o)lymphatic systemThe system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tractPeyer patchesAggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestineright lymphatic ductThe lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
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Slide76Key Terms Lymphatic System (cont.)
TermsMeaningspleenA large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells (root: splen/o)thoracic ductThe lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/left lymphatic ductthymus glandA gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity (root: thym/o)tonsilsSmall masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)
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Slide77Clinical Aspects of the Lymphatic System
Lymphadenitis = inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodesLymphangiitis = inflammation of lymphatic vesselsLymphedema = tissue swelling due to obstruction or removal of lymphatic vesselsLymphoma = neoplastic disease affecting lymphoid tissue
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Slide78Key Terms Lymphatic Disorders
TermsMeaninglymphadenitisInflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infectionlymphangiitisInflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection. Appears as painful red streaks under the skin. (Also spelled lymphangitis)LymphedemaSwelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vesselslymphomaAny neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
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Slide79Supplementary Terms Normal Structure and Function
TermsMeaningapical pulsePulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midlinecardiac outputThe amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minuteKorotkoff soundsArterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuffperfusionThe passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissueprecordiumThe anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax; adjective, precordialpulse pressureThe difference between systolic and diastolic pressurestroke volumeThe amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
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Slide80Supplementary Terms Symptoms and Conditions
TermsMeaningValsalva maneuverBearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular systembruitAn abnormal sound heard in auscultationcardiac tamponadePathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vesselsectopic beatA heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA nodeextrasystolePremature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA nodeflutterVery rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricleshypotensionA condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
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Slide81Supplementary Terms Symptoms and Conditions (cont.)
TermsMeaningintermittent claudicationPain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with restmitral valve prolapseMovement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contractocclusive vascular diseaseArteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vesselspalpitationA sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat pitting edemaEdema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skinpolyarteritis nodosaPotentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected
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Slide82TermsMeaningRaynaud diseaseA disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to coldregurgitationA backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valvestasisStoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine. Blood stasis may lead to dermatitis and ulcer formationsubacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fevertetralogy of FallotA combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophythromboangiitis obliteransInflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease
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Supplementary Terms Symptoms and Conditions (cont
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Slide83Supplementary Terms—Diagnosis
TermsMeaningvegetationIrregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic feverWolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathwaycardiac catheterizationPassage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressurecentral venous pressure (CVP)Pressure in the superior vena cavacineangiocardiographyThe photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques
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Slide84TermsMeaningcomputed tomography angiography (CTA)Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiographyDoppler echocardiographyAn imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flowheart scanImaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart functionHolter monitorA portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual's ECG readings during normal activityhomocysteineAn amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
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Supplementary
Terms—Diagnosis
(cont
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Slide85TermsMeaningphlebotomistTechnician who specializes in drawing bloodphonocardiographyElectronic recording of heart soundsplethysmographyMeasurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosispulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
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Supplementary
Terms—Diagnosis
(cont
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Slide86TermsMeaningSwan–Ganz catheterA cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary arterytransesophagealechocardiography (TEE)Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the hearttriglyceridesSimple fats that circulate in the bloodstreamventriculographyX-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
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Supplementary
Terms—Diagnosis
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Slide87Supplementary Terms Treatment and Surgical Procedures
TermsMeaningatherectomyRemoval of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vesselcommissurotomySurgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve openingembolectomySurgical removal of an embolusintraaortic balloon pump (IABP)A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heartleft ventricular assist device (LVAD)A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
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Slide88Supplementary Terms—Drugs
TermsMeaningangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorA drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressureangiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonistantiarrhythmic agentA drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeatbeta-adrenergic blocking agentDrug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blockercalcium-channel blockerDrug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cellsdigitalisA drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractionsdiureticDrug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload
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Slide89Supplementary Terms—Drugs (cont.)
TermsMeaninghypolipidemic agentDrug that lowers serum cholesterollidocaineA local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmiasloop diureticDrug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)nitroglycerinA drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vesselsstatinsDrugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatinstreptokinase (SK)An enzyme used to dissolve blood clotstissue plasminogen activator (tPA)A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clotsvasodilatorA drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
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Slide90Abbreviations
ACEAngiotensin-converting enzymeAEDAutomated external defibrillatorAFAtrial fibrillationAMIAcute myocardial infarctionAPCAtrial premature complexARAortic regurgitationARBAngiotensin receptor blockerASAortic stenosis; arteriosclerosisASCVDArteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASDAtrial septal defectASHDArteriosclerotic heart disease
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Slide91Abbreviations (cont.)
ATAtrial tachycardiaAVAtrioventricularBBBBundle branch block (left or right)BPBlood pressurebpmBeats per minuteCABGCoronary artery bypass graftCADCoronary artery diseaseCCUCoronary/cardiac care unitCHDCoronary heart diseaseCHFCongestive heart failureCK-MBCreatine kinase MB
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Slide92CPRCardiopulmonary resuscitationCRPC-reactive proteinCTAComputed tomography angiographyCVACerebrovascular accidentCVDCardiovascular diseaseCVIChronic venous insufficiencyCVPCentral venous pressureDOEDyspnea on exertionDVTDeep vein thrombosisECG (EKG)Electrocardiogram, electrocardiographyHDLHigh-density lipoprotein
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide93hs-CRPHigh-sensitivity C-reactive protein (test)HTNHypertensionIABPIntraaortic balloon pumpICDImplantable cardioverter–defibrillatorIVCDIntraventricular conduction delayJVPJugular venous pulseLADLeft anterior descending (coronary artery)LAHBLeft anterior hemiblockLDLLow-density lipoproteinLVLeft ventricleLVADLeft ventricular assist device
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide94LVEDPLeft ventricular end-diastolic pressureLVHLeft ventricular hypertrophyMIMyocardial infarctionmm HgMillimeters of mercuryMRMitral regurgitation, refluxMSMitral stenosisMUGAMultigated acquisition (scan)MVPMitral valve prolapseMVRMitral valve replacementNSRNormal sinus rhythmPPulse
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide95PACPremature atrial contractionPAPPulmonary arterial pressurePCIPercutaneous coronary interventionPCWPPulmonary capillary wedge pressurePMIPoint of maximal impulsePSVTParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardiaPTCAPercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplastyPVCPremature ventricular contractionPVDPeripheral vascular diseasePYPPyrophosphate (scan)S1First heart sound
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide96S2Second heart soundSASinoatrialSBESubacute bacterial endocarditisSKStreptokinaseSVTSupraventricular tachycardia99mTcTechnetium-99mTEETransesophageal echocardiographyTnTroponintPATissue plasminogen activatorVADVentricular assist device
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide97VF, v fibVentricular fibrillationVLDLVery-low-density lipoproteinVPCVentricular premature complexVSDVentricular septal defectVTVentricular tachycardiaVTEVenous thromboembolismWPWWolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
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Abbreviations
(cont.)
Slide98Post Test
Lymphadenopathy is any disease of a(n)________.A term for pertaining to the thymus is ____________.The abbreviation BP stands for ________ ________.Name the four chambers of the heart: _________, _________, __________, and _________.BBB stands for __________ ____________ ____________.
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Slide99Post Test
Lymphadenopathy is any disease of a(n)_lymph node__.A term for pertaining to the thymus is __thymic__________.The abbreviation BP stands for _blood _______ _pressure_______.Name the four chambers of the heart: _right atrium, _right ventricle_, _left atrium_, and left ventricle__.BBB stands for _bundle ___ _branch_____ block________.
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Slide100Health Profession
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Most vascular technologists work in hospitals where they work with patients in diagnostic testing areas. They perform non-invasive studies to evaluate the blood vessels in the body to help physicians diagnose vascular disorders.
Discuss the types of patients a vascular technologist might work with.
What type of educational preparation is required for this profession?
Slide101Health Profession
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Discuss the types of patients a vascular technologist might work with.
Mostly the elderly but any age person can have vascular problems—diabetics, those with peripheral vascular diseases, thrombophlebitis, etc.
What type of educational preparation is required for this profession? Certification requires appropriate education, clinical experience, examination, and continuing education. They complete a two- or four-year educational program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).