Producers rely on successfully reproducing young for economic success CowCalf Operation without calves Hog farm without piglets Sheep farm without lambs Dairy farm without calves Discuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture ID: 785081
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Slide1
Importance of Reproduction
Producers rely on successfully reproducing young for economic successCow/Calf Operation without calves?Hog farm without piglets?Sheep farm without lambs?Dairy farm without calves?
Discuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture
Each would fail in a short amount of time without successful reproduction
Slide2Importance of Reproduction
Our food supply would be in jeopardy without sound animal reproductive practicesDiscuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture
Slide3Choosing Superior Animals
Responsible Animal Breeding:Only breed animals with desirable characteristics to be passed on:Natural selection would eliminate most genetic problems, but artificial selection does notIt is our responsibility to be responsible animal breeders
B. Describe
benefits of using genetically superior animals for breeding
Slide4Choosing Superior Animals
Responsible Animal Breeding:Improve the next generationHybrid VigorEliminate poor characteristicsImprove efficiency of food production
B. Describe benefits of using genetically superior animals for breeding
Slide5Terminology
Pregnancy -- carrying a fetusFertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nucleiConception - occurrence of fertilizationOvulation
- release of an ovule from the female.Gestation - the time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Slide6Terminology
Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which eggs are formed and hormones are produced.Egg or Ovule- Female Reproductive CellTestes - MALE reproductive gland that produces sperm and testosterone.
Sperm- Male Reproductive CellSemen- Fluid that carries sperm
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Slide7Female Reproductive Organs
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Slide8Female Reproductive Organs
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
OvariesFallopian Tube
Uterus
Cervix
Vulva
Vagina
Uterine Horns
Infundibulum
Slide9Female Reproductive Organs
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organsVulva- opening of reproductive tract
Vagina- channel for birth and copulationCervix- divides vagina and uterus
Uterus- Where fetus grows & receives nourishment
Fallopian Tube-
where fertilization occurs
Ovaries-
produces eggs and hormones
Slide10Male Reproductive Organs
C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Slide11Male Reproductive Organs
C.
Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Penis
Sheath
Scrotum
Testicle
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Sigmoid
Flexure
Seminal Vesicle
Cowper’s Gland
Prostate Gland
Slide12Male Reproductive Organs
Testes - produce sperm and testosteroneEpididymis - collects and stores spermVas deferens - transports spermPenis - places sperm in femaleCowper's Gland
Prostate Gland produce semen
Seminal VesicleScrotum - protects testes & maintains temp.
Sheath
- opening of reproductive tract
C.
Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs
Slide13Estrous Cycles
Estrous Cycle:Time between periods of estrus, or “heat”
Often influenced by of hours of light in the day
D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide14Estrous Cycles
Estrous Cycles by Species:D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Species
Estrous Cycle
Length of Estrus (heat)
Ovulation
Cow
21
12-18 hours
10-14 hours after estrus
Mare
22
6-8 days
1-2 days before estrus ends
Doe (goat)
21
30-40 hours
At end of estrus
Doe (rabbit)
Constant
Constant
8-10 hours after mating
Sow
20-21
40-72 hours
Mid estrus
Ewe
17
24-36 hours
Late estrus
Dog
-
9 days
1-2 days after estrus begins
Cat
14-21
5 days
24 after mating
Slide15Estrous Cycles
1- Estrus- also known as “heat.” The period of time when female is receptive to male and conception can occur.-Hormone: Estrogen
D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
1-Estrus
2-Metestrus
2
-
Metestrus
-
follows estrus. Usually when ovulation occurs
-
Hormone
: LH
(
leutenizing
hormone)
Slide16Estrous Cycles
3- Diestrus- Period of cycle when system assumes pregnancy.-Hormone
: Progesterone
D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
1-Estrus
2-Metestrus
3-
Diestrus
4-Proestrus
4-
Proestrus
-
If not pregnant, body prepares to begin cycle again
-
Hormone
: Progesterone drops
Slide17Breeding Readiness
Cattle-Standing to be mounted or trailing other cattleClear, viscous mucous from vulvaSwelling of vulvaRestlessness
D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Horses-
Restlessness whinnying
Frequent urination in small amounts
Backing up and pushing on fences or other objects
Slide18Gestation
Length of PREGNANCY. Begins with FERTILIZATION and ends with parturition (birth).All animals have different gestation lengths. Usually the LARGER the animal, the LONGER the gestation.
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide19Cattle Gestation
Gestation- 283 days or 9 MonthsBreeding Season- Dairy: Year round, Beef: Summer-FallCycle: Year round, every 21 days
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide20Sheep & Goat Gestation
Gestation: 145-150 days or 5 monthsBreeding Season- Fall/Winter (dairy goats year round)Cycle: Late fall when days get short
“Short day breeders”
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide21Pig Gestation
Gestation- 115 daysOR 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days Breeding Season- year round
Cycle- Year round every 21 days
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide22Horse
Gestation Gestation- 336 days or 11 months
Breeding Season- Spring Cycle- Spring/Summer when days are long
“Long day breeders”
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide23Rabbit Gestation
Gestation- 30 daysBreeding Season- Year round Cycle- Constantly, year round
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide24Chicken Gestation
Gestation- 21 days (incubation)Breeding Season- Year round or springCycle- Year round, but more productive when days are
long
D. Compare
estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness
Slide25Parturition
Parturition- The act of giving birthSigns: Milk develops in udder Abdomen drops
Nesting
Restlessness or pacing Abdomen
muscles contract
(just before birth)
E.
Describe signs of parturition and dystocia
Slide26Stages of Parturition
Stage 1 – Preparatory Stage (Labor)Stage 2 – Delivery of FetusStage 3
– Expulsion of the placenta
Stage 4 – Period of Rest
E. Describe
signs of parturition and dystocia
Slide27Dystocia
Dystocia- Difficulty giving birthCauses:Presentation
Oversized fetusMultiple birthsExhaustion
, uterine contractions stopSolutions: Call vet or assist yourself
Cesarean
Section (
c-section
)
Assist
manually
E. Describe
signs of parturition and dystocia
Slide28Dystocia
Birth PresentationsE. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia
Leg Back
Upside down & Backward
Breech
Head Back
Normal
Slide29Reproductive Technologies
Any method of reproduction that is not a natural methodF. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies
Slide30Reproductive Technologies
Artificial InseminationCollecting and placing sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract without natural mating
F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies
Slide31Reproductive Technologies
Artificial InseminationStep 1: Collect & Store Semen -Collect Semen
-Extend sample and place in straws -Store in liquid nitrogen
F. Describe
the purpose and benefits of reproductive
technologies
Slide32Reproductive Technologies
Artificial InseminationStep 2: Manually inject semen into female reproductive tract at correct stage of estrus
F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive
technologies
Slide33Reproductive Technologies
Advantages ofArtificial Insemination1- Wider selection & use of outstanding sires2- Rapid Genetic and herd improvement
3- Overcome physical barriers to matingExamples: Aggressive behavior
or injuries4- Danger of the bull is eliminated
5- Eliminate
cost of purchasing and keeping a bull
F. Describe
the purpose and benefits of reproductive
technologies
Slide34Reproductive Technologies
Disadvantages ofArtificial Insemination1- Skilled Technician or training required
2-Very close supervision of females is necessary to accurately determine stage of estrus
F. Describe
the purpose and benefits of reproductive
technologies
Slide35Reproductive Technologies
Synchronized OvulationThe process of causing a herd of cows or heifers to come into estrus and ovulate at or near the same time
F. Describe
the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies
Slide36Reproductive Technologies
Embryo TransferThe transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more
recipient femalesUtilizes genetics of superior FEMALES by producing more offspring per year than by natural breeding methods
F. Describe
the purpose and benefits of reproductive
technologies
Slide37Reproductive Technologies
CloningProducing an EXACT genetic copy of an organism
F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies