LONG TERM CAUSES SHORT TERM CAUSES National Assembly 17911792 p 78 THIRD ESTATE WANTED TO CHANGE THE VOTING SYSTEM Tennis Court Oath National Assembly 17891791 Louis XVI did not actually want ID: 796869
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Slide1
THE FRENCH REV
O
LUTION
Slide2Four Phases of the French Revolution
Slide3LONG TERM CAUSES
Slide4SHORT TERM CAUSES
Slide5National Assembly
(1791-1792
) – p 78
Slide6THIRD ESTATE WANTED TO CHANGE THE VOTING SYSTEM
Slide7Tennis Court Oath
Slide8National Assembly (1789-1791)
Louis XVI did not actually want
the written constitution he had agreed to and sent troops to close down the assembly.
Tennis Court Oath
The people (mobs) stormed the Bastille prison in response
The Great Fear
People in the countryside thought the nobles would burn their crops and starve them into submission. The peasants attacked the nobles and burned many of their
chateauxs
or castles.
Slide9Slide10Main Achievements of the National Assembly
The 1791 Constitution in which the king would no longer be an absolute monarch, but subject to parliament in a constitutional monarchy
Political powers were divided (legislative, executive and judicial) and limited suffrage introduced.
The declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen:
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
“Liberty, equality, fraternity!”
Guaranteed property rights
Right to a fair trial
Slide11This new government became known as the
Legislative Assembly
Democratic features
France became a
limited monarchy
All
laws were created by the
Legislative Assembly
Feudalism was abolished
Undemocratic features
Voting was limited to taxpayers
Offices were reserved for property
owners
Church lands were seized
, divided, and sold to peasants
Church officials
were
elected by the people,
with
salaries paid by the government
(2/3 of Church officials fled the country rather than swear allegiance to this)
All
special privileges
of the First and Second Estates were
abolished
Legislative Assembly (1791-1792
) -p 79
Slide12The new government, however, had many opponents both inside and outside of France.
Royal fami
ly looked to Austria (Ruled by Emperor Leopold, Marie Antoinette’s brother) for help
In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria
Nobles
who fled the revolution lived abroad as
émigrés
They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France
Church
officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges restored
Some
devout Catholic peasants
also supported the Church
Other
European monarchs
were frightened the revolution would spread to their own countries.
France was invaded by Austria and Prussia.
Marie Antoinette
Slide13Two main political forces appeared: the
Girondins and the Jacobins (also known as the
Montagnard
)
The
Girondins
were
moderates
and wanted to
spread
the
revolution
to other European countries (represented the provincial
middle class
and
intellectuals
).
The Jacobins
were radicals led by Marat,
Danton, and Robespierre (represented the urban working classes
and were supported by the sans-culottes of Paris). People
suspected
the
king
of wanting to lose the war against Austria so he could
restore Absolute power
Robespierre
The
Paris mobs
attacked the Palace and demanded the
king
was
removed
and a
Republic established
. France was declared a republic and the
new government was called the National Convention. sans-culottes
Slide14The
Convention (
1792-1795
) p 80
January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI
was tried and
condemned to death
by one vote (361-360)
for
:
Using force against the National Assembly
Secretly plotting to overthrow the Revolution
Attempting to escape from France
Bankrupting the country
Other European countries
were
horrified
and
Austria, England, Holland, Prussia, Sardinia and Spain formed a
Coalition
to invade France
The
war went badly
for France and
prices rose
as a result.
The
sans-culottes rioted
in Paris and in some regions peasants loyal to the king revolted against
the moderate
Girondin
government
, who were
blamed for the problems
.
The Jacobins seized power through a parliamentary coup. The
Committee of Public Safety
was set up and came under the control of
Maximilien Robespierre
. The Jacobins Reign of Terror began (1793 - 1794).
Slide15The Reign of Terror
Decree by Convention, April 1793
on the Committee of Public Safety.
“The Committee shall
talk in secret
; it shall be
responsible for watching over the work of the
government…under the critical circumstances it
is
authorised
to take measures to
defend the
revolution
against
internal and external enemies
.”
Committee of Public Safety.
Slide16Extract from a law introduced by the
Committee for Public Safety, 17th September
1793, to deal with suspects brought to
tribunals
.
“ Suspects shall be locked up…. The proof
necessary to convict enemies…can be any kind of
evidence….If proof already exists there need be
no further witnesses….The penalty for all
offences under the law of revolutionary tribunal is
death
.”
Between 3,000 and 15,000 people died on the guillotine during the Reign of Terror. 90% were members of the Third Estate, 7% the Second Estate and 3% the First Estate.
Slide17Execution
Records, 1793.
1. Jean-
Baptiste
Henry,
aged
18,
journeyman
Tailor
,
convicted
of
having
cut
down a tree of liberty,
executed
6th September,
1793.
3. HenrietteFrancoise
Marboeuf
,
aged 55, convicted
of having hoped for
the arrival of the
Austrians and
Prussians and of
keeping food for
them, condemned to
death and executed
the same day.
2. Marie
Plaisant
,
seamstress
,
convicted
of
having
exclaimed
that
she
was an
aritocrat
and that
she did
nots
care a fig for
the
nation
,
condemned
to
death
and
executed
the
same
day
.
4. Francois
Bertrand, aged
37, publican,
convicted of
having provided
the defendersof the countrywith sour wine,condemned andexecuted thesame day.
The Committee allowed revolutionary tribunals to convict people without hearing evidence. This was called the Law of Prairial. In September 1793, the Convention passed a law called the Law of Suspects. People could now be put in prison without trial.
Slide18On
July 27, 1794
, Partly because of military successes in the wars with European states, the French people revolted against the excesses of the
Reign of Terror
in what became known as the
Thermidorian
Reaction.
The moderate
Girondin
members were able to gain control of the convention and
Robespierre
was arrested and sentenced to death. He was guillotined on July 28, 1794.
The Convention approved a new "Constitution of the Year III" on
17 August 1795
; a plebiscite ratified it in September; and it took effect on
September 26, 1795
.
The new constitution included a new structure of government
Known as the
Directory
Slide19Government under the Directory
Slide20The new régime met with opposition from remaining Jacobins and royalists.
The rule of the Directory was marked by corruption, financial difficulties, political purges, and a dependence on the army to maintain control.
The people of France grew poorer and more frustrated with their government.
Because of military successes, and maybe because of their frustration with the new government, the French had a focal point and a strong feeling of
National Pride
emerged.
Directory (
1795-1799
) – p80
Victories in Italy and the defeat of the British in Egypt
made
Napoleon Bonaparte
the most famous general in France. He He would come to power through a
coup d’état,
ending
the ten-year period (1789-1799) known as the French Revolution.
Slide21