Locust Trace Agriscience Center Veterinary Assistant Program Functions External structure and appearance for most vertebrate animals Provide protection of take a guess Give rigidity and form to the body ID: 779072
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Slide1
The Skeletal System
Mrs. Higgins, LVT
Locust Trace Agriscience Center
Veterinary Assistant Program
Slide2Functions
External structure and appearance for most vertebrate animals
Provide protection of ______________ (take a guess)
Give rigidity and form to the bodyAct as leversStore minerals _______________ and _______________Form the cellular elements of blood
Vital organs
Calcium
Phosphorus
Slide3What am I made of?
The skeletal system is made of various forms of connective tissue
They all work together to provide structure and movement
Consists of:BoneJoints
CartilageLigaments/Tendons
Slide4Terminology
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Oste
/o ____________-blasts ____________Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue, become osteocytes
Oste/o __________
-
clasts
___________
Eat away bony tissue from medullary cavity
Immature
Break
Bone
Slide5Terminology
Parts of the bone
Diaphysis
Shaft of the long boneEpiphysisEither end of the long bone
Epiphyseal CartilageLayer of cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis. Location of growth Metaphysis
In a mature bone; flared area by the epiphysis PeriosteumFibrous membrane that covers the surface of the bone
Medullary Cavity
“marrow cavity”; In young animals, filled with red marrow (hematopoietic tissue)
Slide6Bone Marrow
Hematopoietic
Hemat
/o- blood-poietic: pertaining to formationsForms blood cells (red cells and white cells)
In adult animals, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow. This is mostly fat cells, serves as fat storage area.
Slide7Cartilage
A form of connective tissue
More elastic and flexible than bone
Articular cartilageCovers the joint surfaces of the boneMeniscus Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints
Acts as cushion from forceExample….. Stifle/knee
Slide8Cartilage
Slide9Joints
Also called
articulations
Form the connection between bonesDifferent types depending on degree of movementFibrous
CartilaginousSynovial
There are many within each category above, but we will cover a few from each
Slide10Fibrous Joints
No joint cavity, no movement
Example
Suture joint: between bones of the skull. Suture joints often completely ossify in maturity
Slide11Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by cartilage with no joint cavity
Limited movement
ExampleSymphyses joints: joined by flattened disks of fibrocartilage as found between the pelvic bones (birth canal) or between vertebrae
Slide12Synovial Joints
Moveable joints
Examples
Ellipsoid Joint: when a row of small bones fit against a long bone (carpus or tarsus)Spheroid Joint: “ball and socket”; movement in nearly any direction. Spherical head of one bone fits into the depression of another bone. (Example is….. ______________________) Hinge joints: allows for movement in one direction. Example __________________
Pivot joint: movement occurs around one axis. Example ___________________________
Hip joint
Knee or stifle
Atlas/axis joint of neck
Slide13Synovial Joints
Ellipsoid
Slide14Synovial Joint
Spheroid (ball and socket)
Slide15Synovial Joins
Hinge Joint
Slide16Synovial Joint
Pivot Joint
Slide17Terms of Movement
Adduction
Movement towards midline
AbductionMovement away from midlineFlexionClosure of a joint angleReducing angle
ExtensionStraightening of jointIncreasing the angle Hyperflexion
When a joint is flexed or extended too far
Slide18Movement Terms
Slide19Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Slide20Ligament
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Slide21The Skeleton
Slide22The Skeleton
Broken into two parts
Axial Skeleton: the central skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs
Appendicular skeleton: Limbs/Appendages (thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs)**Most of the skeletal system will be the same for different species of animals…. However, there will be differences in the feet/legs and the vertebral column of each animal. Why??
Slide23Vertebral Column
Made up of many individual vertebra (singular) or vertebrae (plural)
Numbered from head to tail and grouped into sections
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Sacral Coccygeal Two of the vertebra have namesC1: atlasC2: axis
Slide24Slide25Thoracic Limbs
The forequarters carry up to 70% of the body weight of animals
Consists of
ScapulaHumerusRadiusUlna
Carpal bonesMetacarpal bones Phalanges
Slide26Pelvic Limbs
Carry less weight (about 30%) but are heavily muscled
Consist of
PelvisFemurPatellaTibiaFibula
Tarsal BonesMetatarsal bonesPhalanges
*Sesmoid bone: small bone held in place by tendon (patella)
Slide27Let’s Label!!
Slide28Slide29Do you see the differences?
Slide30Dog
Swine
Cattle
Horse
Different numbers of metacarpal bones and phalanges present
Slide31Horse Lower Leg
P1 or long pastern or proximal phalanx
P2 or short pastern or middle phalanx
P3 or coffin bone or distal phalanx**The horse industry uses long and short pastern and coffin bone
Slide32Great Interactive Websites
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agmania/interactive
/
http://www.real3danatomy.com/bones/dog-skeleton-3d.htmlhttp://www.vet.osu.edu/assets/flash/education/outreach/games/skeleton/skeleton.html