Equine grass tetany Limber neck Shaker foal syndrome Etiology Clostridium botulinum is a spore oval sub terminal endospores forming gram positive organism and produces neurotoxins during their vegetative growth ID: 911057
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Slide1
Botulism
Synonyms:
Equine grass
tetany
/ Limber neck / Shaker foal syndrome.
Etiology
:
Clostridium
botulinum
is a spore (oval, sub terminal
endospores
) forming, gram positive organism and produces neurotoxins during their vegetative growth.
It has 7
antigenitically
distinct types from A to G.
Farm animals are affected with toxin type B, C and D.
Source
of infection
Preformed toxin (Forage botulism)
Contaminated feeds with toxin containing carrions(Carrion associated botulism)
Toxin production in wounds (Wound botulism)
Alimentary tract (
Toxico
infectious botulism)
Transmission
Ingestion of contaminated material or birds or blow flies are possible.
Spread of infection through injury.
Slide2Host affected:Cattle and sheep are susceptible for type C and D while horses are susceptible for type B toxin.
Pigs, dogs and cats found to be resistant.
Human is also susceptible for
bolutinum
toxins.
Pathogenesis:
Organism→Botulism
toxins (neurotoxin) → absorbed by the intestinal tract or the wound → traverse through the blood stream → peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals → neuromuscular
junction→interfere
the release of Ach→ leading to flaccid
paralysis→Death
due to respiratory paralysis.
Clinical findings:
Early muscle tremor,
progressive symmetrical weakness,
motor paralysis leading to
recumbency
.
Mydriasis
ptosis
walking
(Limber neck).
Slide3weak tongue retraction sensation and consciousness retained until death In sheep, in early stage there is excitability, stiffness while walking and incoordination. The head may be held on one side or bobbed up and down while
Diagnosis
:
Demonstration of toxin in serum or feed.
Demonstration of organisms in feed, intestinal contents or wounds
Treatment:
With type-specific antiserum and supportive treatment as fluid therapy and
enteral
feeding.
Control
:
Avoidance of exposure by feed management and Vaccination.
Zoonotic
implications:
Botulinum
toxin is identified as a possible agent for bioterrorism.
The meat and milk from cattle that have botulism should not be used for human consumption.