and Mycotoxin Risks Dr Mike Hutjens Dairy Extension Specialist University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign Jim Baltz Instructional Design Specialist DroughtStress Corn Risks Lower quality feed ID: 137652
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Aflatoxin and Mycotoxin Risks
Dr. Mike Hutjens
Dairy Extension Specialist
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Jim Baltz
Instructional Design SpecialistSlide2
Drought-Stress Corn RisksLower quality feedNitrate levelsAflatoxin
risksSlide3
What is AflatoxinA fungi (Aspergillus) produces aflatoxin
Aflatoxin is a cancer-causing agent in humans and animalsMold colonizes on corn kernels caused by ear rot or ear moldThe mold is olive-green colored moldSlide4
Why is Aflatoxin A Concern for Lactating Cows?
FDA has ruled any milk over 0.5 ppb (parts per billion) cannot be used for human consumptionLactating cows excrete 1 to 2% of consumed aflatoxin in milk
Rations over 20 ppb times 2% is 0.4 ppb (cows vary in the level of aflatoxin transferred)Slide5
Scouting and Identifying the Disease
Inspecting
at least 10 ears in several locations in a field prior to harvestingPeel back the husks and look for an olive-green mold on the ears. Mold will appear powdery and may disperse like dust when the husk is pulled back. Purdue Extension Diseas of Corn: Aspergillus Ear Rot BP-83-WSlide6
Maximum Levels of Aflatoxin(In the total ration dry matter)
Lactating dairy cattle 20 ppbBreeding beef, swine, and dairy 100 ppbSwine 200 ppb
Beef steers 300 ppbSlide7
Mycotoxin Levels for Dairy Cattle
Aflatoxin < 20 ppb
(parts per billion)DON (vomitoxin) < 6.0 ppm (parts per million) T-2 toxin < 100 ppbZearalenone < 300 ppb Slide8
Signs of MycotoxinImmune suppression (cattle do not respond to disease challenges)
Rumen disorders Loose fecal dischargesReduced dry matter intake (over 2 pounds per cow)
Hormonal-like changes (udder development and reduced fertility)Slide9
Strategies If Milk Is High in AflatoxinTest your feeds to determine which feed(s) (corn, corn silage, fuzzy cottonseed, and/or corn by-product feed is an at-risk feed)
Remove any at-risk feed immediately, milk can clear in 48 hours (varies by cow)Have your milk coop monitor your milk weekly to be sure it is safeSlide10
Strategies With Aflatoxin- Contaminated Corn Grain or SilageDilute down with wholesome forages and grains
Add an additive (flow agent)Ammoniate the corn grainBe aware of corn by-product risksSlide11
Mycotoxin BindersClay-based compounds such as bentonite, zeolite, and calcium
aluminosilicate (50 to 225 gram / cow / day) when dealing with aflatoxinYeast cell wall extracts (also call MOS and
glucomannans) and enzymatic products can be effective when dealing with T-2 toxins, DON, and zearalenone (10 g / cow / day) Slide12
Ammoniation of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Corn Grain
Ammonia breaks the ring structure of aflatoxinTreat grain above 13% moisture and 60 degrees F in a sealed containment bag / bin
Ammonia gas (0.5% to 1.5%) or aqua-ammonia 2.6 lb of 26 to 28% ammonia liquidCorn will darken in color (caramelize sugar)Can not be sold across state lines (FDA) and handling risks must be considered with ammonia Slide13
By-Product FeedsCorn distillers grain will be three times higher than the original corn in aflatoxinCorn gluten feed can be high Hominy can be high
Fuzzy cottonseed can contain aflatoxinSlide14
Management ConsiderationsTesting feed is difficult due to sampling error
Do not store wet corn with aflatoxin as high moisture corn; dry it down to < 14% moistureWet corn
(rain or maturity) and warm weather favor aflatoxin developmentScreen out fines and broken kernels Clean equipment after harvestSlide15
Protect YourselfWear a respirator capable of filtering fine dust particles (N95 or better). Change
your clothes after handling grain. See a doctor if you get sick after handling grain and make your physician aware of your activities.
Handle out-of-condition grain carefully. Be alert for blocked flow, cavities, crusting, and grain avalanches. Out-of-condition corn is the leading cause of suffocation in grain bins.Purdue Extension Managing Aspergillus Ear Rot and AflatoxinSlide16
Take Home MessagesMonitor milk aflatoxin levels to protect your milk supply and consumer confidenceTest feeds to determine risk
Consider strategies to reduce levels in milkSlide17
Check out our online dairy courses at http://online.ansci.illinois.edu/and Illini
DairyNET at http://www.livestocktrail.illinois.edu/dairynet/
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Dr. Mike Hutjens
Dairy Extension Specialist
Jim Baltz
Instructional Design Specialist