Domestic Violence/Sex Offender Crossover & its effects - PowerPoint Presentation

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Domestic Violence/Sex Offender Crossover & its effects - PPT Presentation

By A Mervyn Davies MA LPC CACIII FAPA Telephone 970 3530422 Email davseveincqwestofficenet Website wwwdavselventurescom Copyright 2013 A Mervyn Davies Cultural and Historical Context for Sexual Assault ID: 527656

2013 davies copyright mervyn davies 2013 mervyn copyright violence treatment offenders sex domestic amp children sexual child rape abuse

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Slide1

Domestic Violence/Sex Offender Crossover & its effects on Children

By: A. Mervyn Davies, M.A., LPC, CACIII, F.A.P.A.Telephone: (970) 353-0422Email: davseveinc@qwestoffice.net Website: www.davselventures.com

Cultural and Historical Context for Sexual Assault

Ownership of women and children by male head of household in Roman, British common law, and early U.S. lawEarly rape laws designed to compensate owner of the victim for “damaged goods”First child abuse laws came 50 years after cruelty to animal laws were developedParental rights take precedence over child rightsCopyright 2013; A. Mervyn DaviesSlide3

Cultural and Historical Context for Sexual Assault

Family reunification primary goal of Child Protection systemsDenial of sex offenders’ crossover in policy and lawMarital rape legal in Colorado until 1989Marital Rape is the most common form of rape(Basile, 2012, Bowker, 1983, Russell, 1990)

Marital rape was found to be twice the rate of stranger rape.

(Russell, 1990)

Intimate Partner Sexual Violence (IPSV)

In both sexual assault and domestic violenceSurvivors/victims often have difficulty identifying the sexual violence as a crimeIPSV is often overlooked by the criminal justice systemResearch established that women who are being raped as well as battered are in greater danger of being killed than women who are battered but not raped.(Brown, 1987, Campbell, 1989)

Wife Rape, Raquel Bergen (1996) reports that 70% of the women in her sample experienced brutal “battering rapes” (i.e. where rape follows a physically violent attack).Copyright 2013; A. Mervyn DaviesSlide6

In famous words of pioneer researchers in this field David

Finkelhor and Kersti Yllo (1985):“When you are raped by a stranger you live with a frightening memory. When you are raped by your husband you have to live with your rapist.”

Characteristics of those who batter

They belong to all culturesThey belong to all socioeconomic levelsTakes little responsibility for themselvesPoor impulse controlFeels violence is justifiedFamily history of domestic violenceTraditional expectations of women/men

Continued…

Characteristics of those who are victimized by domestic violence

They belong to all culturesThey belong to all socioeconomic levelsLow stress management skillsOverly responsible for the batter and othersUsually isolated with little contact with family and friendsMay have job skills, but no control over own financesCopyright 2013; A. Mervyn DaviesSlide10

Continued…

Traditional views of their role in relationships and marriageBelieves their partner will change in spite of evidence to the contraryUsually emotionally neglected as a childOften in denialUnable to or difficult to verbalize and recognize needsCopyright 2013; A. Mervyn DaviesSlide11

Terrible decisions (not intending harm)Not caring – thinking of themselves, low re-offense rates

Similarities between Domestic Violence Offenders and Sex Offenders

Continued…

SecrecyManipulationHigh re-offense rateHigh rate of co-occuring child abuseGrooming(April 2003, DV/SO Crossover Committee)

Differences between Domestic Violence Offenders and Sex Offenders

Cultural, Societal responseLegal system response, containmentReligious perspectiveDisclosure of offensesNo cure vs. rehabilitationLevel of containment after re-offenseCriteria for discharge from treatment

Continued…

Level of monitoringLethality riskRestriction regarding contact with childrenConsequenceMore fatalities in DVTolerance for denial in treatment(April 2003, DV/SO Crossover Committee)

Having interest in more than one type of sexual behaviorCrossing in age ranges

68% of convicted sex offenders have committed DV89% of convicted DV offenders have engaged in non-consensual sex with partners

77% of convicted S.O. offenders have engaged in non-consensual sex with partners73% of convicted DV offenders have had sex with partners while asleep or unconscious.69% of convicted S.O. offenders have had sex with partners while asleep or unconscious.(Davies & Simons, 2009)Thinking about cross-over between Domestic Violence (DV) & Sex Offenders (S.O.)

Neither a Paraphilic diagnosis or a personality disorder significantly increased recidivism; however, with both recidivism significantly increased.

Offenders with personality disorders are less likely to complete treatment. Offenders who do not complete treatment are more likely to recidivate.(Abracen, et al, 2012)

Mental Illness and Recidivism

Risk of Being Sexually Assaulted as an Adult

Adverse childhood experienced (ACE)N = 17,500Woman ACE’s 1 = 9% 2 = 10% 3 = 19% 4 = 20% 5 = 35%

(

Anda

, 2005)

ACE’s CONTINUED…

Child witnesses of domestic violence

The number one predictor of child abuse is woman abuse (Stark and Flitcraft, 1988).Children in DV homes are physically abused or neglected at a rate of 1500% higher than the national average (Ford, 1991).The more severe the abuse of the mother, the worse the child abuse (

Bowker

Arbitell

McFerron

, 1988)

Child witnesses of domestic violence

At least half of all men who batter also batter their children (Pagelow, 1989).Approximately 7.5 million children witness DV each year (Jaffe, Wolfe, and Wilson, 1990).A child’s exposure to the father abusing the mother is the strongest risk factor for transmitting violent behavior from one generation to the next.

(Psychological Association, Violence & the Family Report, 1996).

Child witnesses of domestic violence

Male children who witness the abuse of mothers by fathers are more likely to become men who batter in adulthood than those male children from homes free of violence (Rosenbaum & O’Leary, 1981).Interviews with children in DV homes indicated that as many as 87% not only knew about the violence against their mother, but could also accurately describe violence incidents (Jaffe, et al, 1990).

Impact of DV on children

Behavioral, social and emotional problemsExhibit aggressive behaviorHigher antisocial behaviorGreater depressionMore anxiety(Brown and Bizostek, 2003)

Long term effects on children with chronic exposure to Domestic Violence

Impaired academic performanceReduced levels of motor and social skillsBehavioral problems in adolescenceJuvenile delinquencyAlcohol or substance abuseChanges in brain physiology and functionEmotional difficulties in adulthood including depression, anxiety disorders and PTSD.(

McDonaled

Jourilies

(SP), et al, 2006)

American Psychological Association in 1996 – abusers seek sole custody more often then non-violent parentsAbusers gain custody approximately 70% of the time

(National Center for State Courts)Girls are 5 to 6 times more likely to be sexually abused by a battering father than by a non-battering father(YWCA.org)Children of batters are 6.5 to 19 times more likely to be victims of incest than children of non-battering parents

Child Custody/Abuse Facts

The website is:http://lightbox.time.com/2013/02/27/photographer-as-witness-a-portrait-of-domestic-violence/?iid=lb-gal-viewagn#end

Abel et al, 1983 & 2000 Age 11Emerick

& Dutton, 1993 Age 13 (hands on)English et al, 2000 Age 11-13Ahlmeyer et al, 1999 & 2000 Age 11(Heil, 2005)

Age of onset of deviant arousal

From 1994 to 2010 the rate of intimate partner violence in the U.S. declined by 64%(U.S. Department of Justice, 2012)

1990-2004 rates of reported sexual abuse of children declined by 49% and teenage sexual assaults by 67%(Finkelhor & Jones, 2006)From 1995-2010 the estimated annual rate of female rape or sexual assault victimization declined 58%(U.S. Department of Justice, 2013)

Intimate Partner Violence

Societal Goal: The overall goal of treatment is prevent re-offense (future victimization).Client Goal: Sex offender treatment should induce attitudinal and behavioral change that promote a healthy lifestyle within the client.

Mandated treatmentClear treatment goals are set

Contracts between clients, the program and the supervising agencyCommunicating valuesSetting limitsLimiting confidentiality

Differences in treating sex offenders and other clients

Withholding trustResisting the appeal to narcissism

Working with other professionalsRespecting without colludingTreatment includes ongoing assessment, sexual interest/arousal testing and polygraphDifferences in treating sex offenders and other clients – cont…

Style of the therapist (supportive vs. confrontational)Client’s perception of the therapist related to positive treatment outcomeTreatment engagement has been shown to be predictive of treatment progress

Therapeutic Alliance: Basis for treatment changeChallenging in sex offender treatment as clients exhibit: shame, low self-esteem poor coping, and intimacy deficitsTherapeutic relationship can represent a secure base from which clients can explore themselves, their behaviors, and their environment.(Beech & Fordham, 1997; Homes, 1997; Levenson &

Macgowan

, 2004

;

Marshall, 1996,Serran, Fernandez, Marshall & Mann, 2003)

Factors that Influence Treatment

Success

The role of a therapist is critical to treatment success as indicated by maintained treatment participation and within-treatment behavioral change.Negative therapist characteristics influences premature termination of treatment.

Positive therapist characteristics positively influence behavior change (i.e., treatment internalization).Clients demonstrated improved skills and reduction in cognitive distortions regarding offending.Instilling hope to clients provides a strong motivation for behavior change.(Simons, Tyler, and Lins, 2009)

Implications

Many VariablesDescription of re-offensesTime periods