Managing turn-taking with a manner demonstrative Simon Musgrave - PowerPoint Presentation

Managing turn-taking with a manner demonstrative Simon MusgraveGede Primahadi Wijaya RajegHoward Manns MONASH ARTS

Background – language in Indonesia (the very short version) Bahasa Indonesia is a standardized Malay variety which is the official national language of the state (Republik Indonesia)The standard is almost never used in everyday lifeDepending on place and participants, casual interactions may use:Local languages (e.g. Javanese with >60 million speakers)Locally specific varieties of Indonesian or Malay Our discussion is based on spoken Jakarta Indonesian

Background – manner demonstratives Comparatively neglected subclassTypology and analysis in König & Umbach (to appear)K&U identify three sub-types:Manner (adverbial)Quality (adnominal)Degree (ad-adjectival)One form can cover all types, or work can be dividedHandy abbreviation: MQD

Indonesian demonstratives Basic demonstratives:ini PROX ‘this’itu DIST ‘that’Transparent derivations include:sini ‘here’situ ‘there’begini ‘like this’ begitu ‘like that’

MQD in Indonesian The derived demonstratives can be used for all three sub-types:Mannertidak datang begitu saja dari langit NEG come like.that only from sky “not drop from the skies” Quality Tabiat istrinya mémang selalu begitu character wife-3 really always like.that “His wife's really always like that” Degree Ombaknya tidak begitu besar wave-3 NEG like.that big “The waves are not so big”

Spoken language In speech, the MQD demonstratives are typically reduced:begitu  gitubegini  gini

Data used Jakarta Indonesian Data, MPI Jakarta Field Station46 recordings of spoken interaction>250k words in transcriptionPart of Leipzig Corpora Collectiontwo files of written Indonesianind_web_2012_1M-sentences.txt (15,820,113 mill. word-tokens)ind-id_web_2013_1M-sentences.txt (16,358,330 mill. word-tokens)Total 32,178,443 mill. word-tokens

Frequency One reason for the comparative neglect of manner demonstratives: Presumably they are not very commonBut gitu is the seventh most common word in the MPI data

Comparison of written and spoken language Form Leipzig(Raw) MPI(Raw) Leipzig(Norm) MPI(Norm) begitu 19715 566 6.11 19.87 begini 1325 207 0.41 7.27 gitu(q) 1205 48840.37171.43gini4463050.1310.71 (Normalization to frequency per 10k words)

Comparison of written and spoken language Form Leipzig(Raw) MPI(Raw) Leipzig(Norm) MPI(Norm) begitu 19715 566 6.11 19.87 begini 1325 207 0.41 7.27 gitu(q) 1205 48840.37171.43gini4463050.1310.71 For comparison, occurrences of like that in 2.5 million words of spoken English are 2.4 per 10k words

(be)gitu as discourse (organising) markerOur contentions:gitu has become a discourse markerIt is used to organise turn-taking and the flow of conversationIt has at least three functions:Marking turn completionResponse token showing listener engagementPoint of departure for new information or new topic

Function 1 – end of turn marker EXPOKK kaloq ‘ncang’, ‘ncing’? when ‘ncang’ ‘ncing’ ‘What about ncang and ncing ?’ ASNBTW ya , ‘ ncang ’, ‘ ncing ’ itu ... yes ‘ ncang ’, ncing’ that ‘Yes, there’s that ncang, ncing’ASNBTW ya, ‘ncang’ istilahnya paman, gitu. yes ‘ncang’ term-3 uncle, like.that ‘Yes, ncang is a word for uncle, like that’EXPOKK ‘paman’, ya? ‘Uncle, yes?’ELIBTW iya, he-eh. “yes, he-eh’

Function 1 – end of turn marker Almost two thirds of the tokens of gitu occur at the end of an intonation unitAlmost half the tokens occur before a change of speakerBut some of these are responses

Function 2 – response token BTJBET soalnya takut tana lagiq mura. problem-3 afraid land more cheap ‘the problem is, they are afraid land is cheaper’ BTJFEB oh gitu . ‘oh like that’ BTJBET ini ajaq seratus méter sepulu ... berapé Baq? this only one.hundred metre ten … how.much mr sepulu juta, sepulu jutaq yah? ten million ten million yes ‘This is only one hundred metres… ten, how much sir? Ten million, ten million, yes? (BTJ-240607)

Function 2 – response token As mentioned, almost half of the tokens of gitu are before a change of speakerAlmost 300 tokens are turns which consist of gitu alone313 total including o(h), gitu 6.5% of the tokens are in this category

Function 3 – point of departure BTJMAS nyolong ini, nyolong itu, nyolong dia. steal this steal that steal 3SG ‘(s)he stole this, (s)he stole that, as of h( im / er ), (s)he stole’ BTJMAS saya mah kagaq ngambil apa-apa . 1SG EMPH NEG take thing-RED ‘as for me I did not take anything’EXPERN he-eh. ‘Uhuh’BTJMAS gitu, jadiq persangkaqan muluq saya. like.that thus mistrust always 1SG ‘Like that, so, I am always mistrustful.’EXPERN iya. ‘Yes’

Forward v. backward Most common use of gitu is at end of turnOften a conclusionBut following speaker can take it as point of departureIn these cases, the discourse marker is a pivot point for the two speakers

Pivot example – part 1 WWWBTW seumpamanya satuq porsiq limaq belas rébuq , dia tinggal undangannya . for.example one portion fifteen thousand 3SG remain invitee-3 ‘For example, if it’s fifteen thousand a plate, s(he) would be invited’ JAKBTW iyaq. yes WWWBTW kaliq xxx... times (xxx) JAKBTW tinggal dikaliqin berapa ratus gitu. remain multiplied how.many hundred like.that ‘Still multiplied by however many hundred, like that’

Pivot example – part 2 JAKBTW tinggal dikaliqin berapa ratus gitu . remain multiplied how.many hundred like.that ‘Still multiplied by however many hundred, like that’ WWWBTW satuq porsiq duaq belas ribuq aja, kaliq sepuluh ribuq uda … one portion twelve thousand only times ten thousand already sepuluh ribuq orang... ten thousand person ‘twelve thousand a plate only, times ten thousand already, ten thousand people’WWWBTW buat makan doang. for eat only ‘just for the meals’

Usage as manner demonstrative gitu is also still used as a manner demonstrativeBut such usage is less common than use as a discourse markerExample (follows directly from pivot example):WWWBTW kaloq dipikir-pikir gitu sih , kaloq ... kaloq kitaq gitu , if think-RED like.that DM if if 1PL.INC like.that mendingan hajatan di rumah it.is.better banquet LOC house ‘If we think like that, if… if we are like that, better To have the banquet at home’

Summary - 1 Indonesian (standard and local varieties) has manner demonstrativesSpoken Jakarta Indonesian uses one of these, (be)gitu at a rate of occurrence which is surprisingWe suggest that gitu has become a discourse marker in this variety

Summary - 2 The discourse marker has at least three functions:Marking the end of a turnResponse tokenPoint of departuregitu also retains its function as a manner demonstrative

Future work More nuanced understanding of what interactive work gitu is doingEspecially looking at uptake by following speakerFind data for other localized Indonesian varieties: does gitu behave similarly outside Jakarta? We think this is the case

Terima kasih banyak!This research would not have been possible without the data collected and made accessible by staff of the MPI Jakarta Field Station. We are profoundly grateful to all of those involved in the team led by Uri Tadmor.

References König, Ekkehard & Carla Umbach. to appear. Demonstratives  of  Manner,  of  Quality  and  of  Degree:  A  Neglected  Subclass. In Marco Coniglio, Andrew Murphy, Eva Schlachter & Tonjes Veenstra (eds.), Atypical Demonstratives: Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics . ( Linguistische Arbeiten 568). Berlin ; New York: De Gruyter .