The latitude of WallaWalla lies midwaybetween Burgundyand the Rhone Va - PDF document

2/16/2014 2/16/2014 2/16/2014 Burgundy The latitude of WallaWalla lies midwaybetween Burgundyand the Rhone Valley,and just north of Bordeaux.Napa 38 (Tunisia, Sicily)in WA Dr. Walter Clore-Father of Washington Wine Industry1911-2003 2/16/2014 Washington AVA’s Yakima Valley -Walla Walla Valley -Columbia Valley -Columbia Gorge -Horse Heaven Hills -Wahluke Slope -Rattlesnake Hills -11. Lake Chelan -2011Appellations and DOC’s Rainshadow 2/16/2014 Washington Wine Facts National rank: Number of Wineries: Annual cases produced: Number of wine grape growers: Wine Grape Acreage: � 40,000 acresTotal economic impact on WA state: Total economic impact on US economy: Most Important Grape Varieties Red Varieties: Merlot, Syrah,Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet FrancWhite Varieties: Viognier, Pinot GrisChardonnay, Riesling, Semillon Sauvignon Blanc, GewürztraminerMore than 30 different varieties are grown HealthyDehydrationBerry Shrivel Bondada and Keller 2012, American Journal of Plant Science 3: 1232-1240. 2/16/2014 RENCH 2/16/2014 Physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of different shrivelsShrivel typeBrixPedicel colorBerry shapeSour shrivel10GreenDeflated ball(Water berry)18BrownShriveledDehydration32GreenGolf ballHealthy25GreenSpherical 2/16/2014 Table 2. Fruit composition of berries afflicted with different ripening disorders TSS(g/berry)Glu+ Fru(g/berry)Tartaric acid (mg/berry) Malic acid (mg/berry)(µg/berry)0.28 c0.25 c4.63 c0.91 bc56.7 a0.20 b0.18 b3.08 b0.46 a53.1 a0.25 bc0.22 c 3.09 b0.97 c100.9 b0.23 b0.20 bc1.21 a0.56 ab 97.4 b0.05 a0.04 a4.60 c0.44 a 51.8 aH-Healthy, SB –Sunburn, PD-Prolonged Dehydration, and LBSN –Late-season Bunch Stem Necrosis berries.Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P 0.05).Fruit composition of berries afflicted with different ripening disorders SOUR Shrivel after veraison) poor sugar SAD (Sugar Accumulation Disorder)Matthews Research Group, UC Davis)SOUR (Suppression of Uniform Ripening) Italy ? 2/16/2014 Change in BS Nomenclature(Suppression of Uniform Ripening)BS = Sour taste SOUR SHRIVEL –A GLOBAL CONCERN CULTIVARS AFFECTED BY SOUR SHRIVELSauvignon BlancSemillonCabernet SauvignonMerlotPetit SyrahWhite varieties 2/16/2014 Varieties affected byBerry ShrivelRieslingChardonnayPetit SyrahCabernet Sauvignon aa 2/16/2014 Table 1. Physical and compositional properties of berry shrivel and healthy ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape berriesBerry typeSugar content (mg/berry)Berry fresh wt(g/fruit)Berry vol(cmSeed wt(mg/seed)1.19 c1.05 c26 aHAB178 b0.94 b0.88 b 26 a53 a0.41 a0.39 a 25 aBerry types include HB -Healthy berry from healthy cluster, HAB -Healthy appearing berry and BS -Berry shrivel berry from clusters afflicted with berry shrivel.Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at Soluble soilds (%) 481216202428 Osmotic potential (MPa) -6-4-2 -healthy berries-healthy appearing berries from berry shrivel clusterO -berry shrivel berry. Fresh weight (g) 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2 Berry volume (cm 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1 Malic acid(mg/ berry)Tart Acid (mg / berry)Tannins (mg / berry Total Anthocyanins(mg / berry)1.32 c8.81 b0.49 b0.94 bHBSS1.04 b9.30 b0.42 a0.74 aSBSS0.24 a12.9 a 0.55 c0.69 a Fruit composition of berries afflicted with SOUR shrivel (Grenache) Sugar(mg/berry)(mg/berry)(g/L) pHK (mg/berry)370 c333 c4.3 a3.60 b2.05 bHBSS310 b279 b4.8 b3.54 b1.98 bSBSS290 a261 a6.67 c 3.33 a1.73 a Healthy, Healthy berries of Sour Shrivel cluster, SS -Sour Shrivel berriesMeans within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P 0.05). 2/16/2014 Analysis Shrivel Partially shriveled clusterFully shriveled cluster D C Healthy cluster 2/16/2014 Nonviable cells of flesh in Berry Shrivel berries Bondada 2/16/2014 BS –No brush BS 2/16/2014 SOUR Shrivel Cluster Healthy Cluster wax 2/16/2014 Seeds of healthy berriesfrom healthy clusterSeeds of shriveled berriesSeeds of healthy berries from shriveled clusterDorsal view V entral viewMORPHOLOGY OF SEED Chalaza Germinating seed of shriveled berries Dorsal sideChalaza Ventral side Ventral sidefoldsKeel /KarinaRaphae 2/16/2014 SOUR Shrivel From BSN Berry Shrivelpedicel rachis (Brown in color) Pigmentation on the 2/16/2014 Tip red Red Berry shrivel in Cabernet sauvignonPigmentation of rachis and pedicel Cabernet sauvignonMerlot RED rachis rachis BS on un-pigmented rachis and pedicel 2/16/2014 Berry shrivel with green peduncleCabernet sauvignon Shrivel: White RieslingBenton City 09-13-05 HEALTHYPEDUNCLE Healthy cluster with Bondada 2/16/2014 Pigmentation of rachis Red side of Fresh cross sectionPithfibers Cortical Hypodermal Xylem 2/16/2014 Fresh cross sectionfibers Hypodermal Cortical Browning –Bark= Epidermal cellsCortex (Cortical cells)Primary phloemXylem parenchyma 2/16/2014 Scalariformpattern X800, 38 µm X2.20K, 13.6 µm Early stages of Tylosisin SS Cane 2/16/2014 Phloem sieve platesplugged withcallose tubes withcallose Sieve pores 2/16/2014 Bondada Shrivel 2/16/2014 Proposed Causal Factors of SOUR Shrivel Dealing with SOUR ShrivelThe nebulous concepts about its causal factors make it difficult to formulate effective management strategies and deal with it. One way to prevent the clusters with SOUR Shrivel from reaching the wineries is to monitor clusters for symptoms of SOUR Shrivel a few weeks before harvest in a vineyard that has a history of SOUR Shrivel and discard affected clusters.