Theme 4 Changing quality of life, - PowerPoint Presentation

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Theme 4Changing quality of life, 1918-1979Slide2

TaskThe following slides provide you with some key points to consider

Build on these points using your class notes and the core textbook

Follow up on your revision by writing essays/essay plans that can be found on www.shenfieldlearning.comSlide3

Key WordsSocial Capital – The value gained from social networks in terms of trust, co-operation, mutual aid and a sense of connectedness

Real Income – This takes into account the effect of inflation on what can be bought with money earned at a particular time

Absolute Poverty – People who cannot the basics for life e.g. food and shelterRelative Poverty – People can afford the basics for life but nothing moreRetail Price Maintenance – An agreement between producers and sellers to set a minimum price for productsAdmass – Mass consumption and advertisingBeeching Axe – Dr Richard Beeching recommended expanding road networks and reducing the rail systemSlide4

Changing Living StandardsLiving Standards – Measured by factors that contribute to a person’s physical well-being e.g. Public health, diet, housing, social capital and wages Slide5

HousingEffects of the Blitz in WW2 (3.5 million homes bombed)1.1 million homes were built during the inter-war period1914 10% of the population were homeowners, by 1938 it was 32%

In poorer areas an older house could be purchased cheaper than a new small car1944 Housing and Temporary Accommodation Act

After WW2 pre-fabricated homes were built1946 New Towns Act1960s High-rise flatsSlide6

Health and DietPost WW1, food prices fell faster than wagesFamilies who looked after children during WW2 were often shocked by the diet of the poor. The poor preferred to eat fish and chips or biscuits for dinner rather than vegetables

By 1922 infant mortality had halved from 1900. More people were living beyond 65 (although geriatric care was poor). However this was dependant on where you lived e.g. there were fewer live births in Wales than in parts of London

1920s Many people believed that fruit as harmful to children1930s Hunger MarchesImpact of rationing in WW2 – working class had a healthier diet. Ministry of Food’s ‘Dig for Victory’ campaignTrade was lost during WW2Winter of 1947Rationing ended in 1954Slide7

Consumerism/ConsumptionWages fell for the working classes up until 1934Family sizes shrank in the 20s and 30s due to birth control. Wages therefore went further

1934 Means Test1936 Jarrow March1937 Unemployment Assistance Board

Beveridge noted in 1944 that there was higher long-term unemployment in the North of England, South Wales and ScotlandCar ownership was more common in the South-East1920 730,000 people had electricity. In 1938 this rose to 9 million. By 1961 96% of homes had electricity1926 Electricity Supply Act which created a Central Electricity Board and a National Grid.1938 – people in the South-East used 861 Kilowatts per hour, in the North people used 386 Kilowatts per hour. In the North it was mainly used for lighting, in the South it was also used for labour-saving devices1920s/30s electric fridges, cookers, heaters and washing machines were a preserved of the middle class1939 National Services Act conscripted menThe number of homes with Central Heating rose from 5% in 1960 to 50% in 1977.Growth in TV ownership. Nearly every household had one by 1970Between 1947 and 1970 the amount of money spent on advertising tripled1957 Old Spice was advertised – more men used deodorant. By 1969 over half of all men and women used deodorant, perfumes or aftershaveSlide8

Consumerism/ConsumptionBy the 1960s it was hard to tell which class a woman belonged to by her clothes – impact of the Liberal Society1960s Admass

1947 – first supermarket (in St Albans)1950 – Sainsbury’s opens in CroydonSupermarkets did well due to the Retail Price Maintenance being rolled back

Consumer Credit1956 Restrictive Trade Practises Act1957 Consumer Association founded and launched Which? Magazine1964 Retail Prices Act1972 Ministry for Consumer Affairs set upSlide9

Popular Culture and EntertainmentSlide10

Cinema1920s – talkies, propaganda1930s – Escape from the Great DepressionFilms reflect social change

1940s/50s – propaganda and show the impact of WW21950s/60s – Social realism1960s – the Cold War and social change

1970s – Films represented the hard economic situation. Less fundingSlide11

Music1920s – Propaganda1930s – Jazz and swing1940s – propaganda and dance halls. People want to carry on life as normal as possible

1950s/60s – Skiffle. Rock and Roll. Teenagers had more money. Pop music banned

1960s – Mod music. Impact of consumerism1970s – Glam rock. Growth of reggae, Ska, Punk. Impact on racial relationsSlide12

Radio1920s – Low cost. Gave information and entertainment. Growth of football. BBC in 19221930s – Gave information. King’s Speech. Chamberlain declared the outbreak of WW2

1940s – American forces radio. Entertainment became the main focus1950s/60s – Pirate radio (Radio Caroline)1960s – Launch of Radio 1

1970s – Commercial radio allowed. BBC had less controlSlide13

Television1930s – First television broadcast1950s – 1953 Queen’s Coronation. Consumer boom. Advertising on ITV 19541960s – Reflected social change and issues

1970s – Most households had a liscence. Escapism Slide14

Youth Culture1920s to 40s – young people went from being children to adults quickly as many young people had to leave school at 14 to get a job. During WW2 young men were conscripted into the army1940s – Raising of the school leaving age meant young people could be children for longer

1950s – Baby Boom. Growth of the teenager. Teddy Boys1960s – More universities. Skinheads

1970s – Punks.Slide15

Leisure and TravelSlide16

SportWhat caused a growth in spectator sport? (E.g. football, cricket, Greyhound racing, horseracing)Radio

Great DepressionTelevision

Disposable IncomeBBCWW2 1966 Football World CupSlide17

Tourism

Growth of...

Reasons for growth and declineImpact of growthBoarding HousesRise due to cheapnessDecline due to strict rules and rise in disposable incomeButlin’sCheap holidays offeredDecline use to growth in foreign holidays and the regimented nature of Butlin’s1960s they marketed holidays to teenagers as they had more disposable income1960s teenagers gained a reputation for drinking and crimePackage HolidaysCheap flights and accommodationGovernments were investing in resorts e.g. SpainDecline of British seaside resortsCaravans

Popular in the 1960s due to higher disposable incomesHelped by increase in car ownership

Increased domestic tourismSlide18

Tourism

Growth of...

Reasons for growth and declineImpact of growthHippy Trail(Route to Nepal and India)Rising living standards and higher educationIncreaser in car ownershipExperimentation with OpiumNot very attractive to many people. Bad reputationCarsHigher disposable incomeCheap fuelCheap manufacturing techniquesRoadsDeathCongestion PollutionWider leisure opportunitiesDriving testEmploymentReduction in the importance of trains (Beeching Axe)PlanesInter-war years they were the preserve of wealthy businessmen1935 British Airways set up. In 1939 it was merged with Imperial Airways to form the British Overseas Airways Corporation

1946 Civil aviation was nationalisedGrowth of foreign holidays