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UNIT 2: FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION UNIT 2: FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION

UNIT 2: FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION - PowerPoint Presentation

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UNIT 2: FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION - PPT Presentation

Slide 2 1 United States Fire Administration ENABLING OBJECTIVES Examine a structure from the exterior to interior in a systematic manner to identify indicators that may be helpful during the course of a fire scene examination ID: 760297

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Slide1

UNIT 2:FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION

Slide 2-1

United States Fire Administration

Slide2

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

Examine a structure from the exterior to interior in a systematic manner to identify indicators that may be helpful during the course of a fire scene examination.Explain the significance of various fire patterns and fire spread issues.

Slide 2-

2

Slide3

List the most common types of fire protection systems that should be documented during a fire scene examination. Define and name the seven steps of the scientific method.

Enabling objectives (cont’d)

Slide 2-

3

Slide4

Apply the scientific method to a fire scene examination.Understand the difference between the roles of first responders and fire investigators.

Enabling objectives (cont’d)

Slide 2-

4

Slide5

Often the first person on the fire scene, and he or she is in the best position to observe critical information.Often the person who decides to request a fire investigator.Often decides if overhaul operations should be delayed.

First responder’s role

Slide 2-

5

Slide6

Perform a preliminary scene examination.Secure the scene to preserve and protect evidence from further damage and destruction.Notify investigators when necessary.

First responder’s role (cont’d)

Slide 2-

6

Slide7

National Fire protection association 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations

Called a “guide” by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).Considered to be a “standard of care” by state and federal courts.Developed by an open committee consensus process.Basis for certification programs by professional organizations.

Slide 2-

7

Slide8

Developed as a model for the advancement and practice of fire and explosion investigation, fire science, technology, and methodology.Basis for fire and explosion investigator training and education programs.

National Fire protection association 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations (cont’d)

Slide 2-

8

Slide9

Complex endeavor involving knowledge, skill, technology and science.Compilation of factual data and analysis must be done objectively and truthfully.First responders and fire investigators must work together as a team and share information to be successful.

Slide 2-9

NATURE OF FIRE SCENE EXAMINATIONS

Slide10

Reliance on systematic approach with attention to all relevant details.Use of systematic approach will often uncover new factual data for analysis.May require previous conclusions to be re-evaluated.

Slide 2-10

methodology

Slide11

Proper methodology is:First determine and establish the origin(s).Then determine cause (circumstances, conditions or agencies that brought the ignition source, fuel and oxidant together).

Slide 2-11

process

Slide12

Recommended systematic approach is that of the scientific method.Used in physical sciences.Provides for the proper collection, analysis and evaluation of data necessary in a successful investigation.

Slide 2-12

Systematic approach

Slide13

Systematic method

Slide 2-

13

Slide14

Problem exists.Fire or explosion has occurred.Cause should be determined so that future similar incidents can be prevented.

Slide 2-14

Step 1:recognize the need

Slide15

Define the manner in which the problem can be solved.Proper origin and cause investigation conducted.Examination of scene and combination of other data collection methods.Review of previous investigations of the incident, interviews, scientific testing.

Slide 2-15

Step 2:

define the problem

Slide16

Facts are now collected.Collected by observation, experiment or other direct data gathering means.This is “empirical data.”Must be based on observation or experience.Capable of being verified.

Slide 2-16

Step 3:

collect data

Slide17

All data must be analyzed.Essential step before forming final hypothesis.Based on knowledge, training, experience and expertise.Form hypothesis based on evidence, rather than speculation.

Slide 2-17

Step 4:

analyze the data

Slide18

Based on the data analysis.Form a hypothesis that explains what happened.Based solely on empirical data.Known as “inductive reasoning.”

Slide 2-18

Step 5:

develop a hypothesis

Slide19

Must withstand the test of careful and serious challenge.Deductive reasoning.Comparison of all known facts as well as body of scientific knowledge.Can be experiment or research.

Slide 2-19

Step 6:

test the hypothesis

Slide20

Area/Point of origin identified.Is the origin insufficient to conclusively determine cause?

Slide 2-20

Step 7:

select final hypothesis

Slide21

Fire department (including state fire marshals).Police department-based units.Joint fire/police teams.Arson task or strike forces.Generally, joint fire/police teams and arson task or strike forces are the most successful units.

Slide 2-21

Responsibility for scene examination/investigation

Slide22

The major objective of a fire scene examination is to determine the origin and cause of a fire through the recognition, identification and analysis of fire (burn) patterns.

Slide 2-22

Scene examination

Slide23

Requires reconstruction of the events leading up to the time that the ignition source (heat) came in contact with the first material ignited (fuel) to determine the fire cause.

Slide 2-23

Scene examination (

cont’d

)

Slide24

There are four basic steps in determining the area of origin:Examine the exterior of the structure or vehicle and surrounding area.Examine the interior of the structure or vehicle.Interview everyone present who may have information related to the fire.Analyze and evaluate information using the scientific method.

Slide 2-24

Scene examination (

cont’d

)

Slide25

Areas of least to most damage.Evaluate patterns.Evaluate all potential accidental sources of ignition.Notify investigators if there is any indication of an intentionally set fire.

Slide 2-25

Scene examination (

cont’d

)

Slide26

The determination of fire cause begins with the identification of the point of origin.The general systematic approach is to work from areas of least damage to most damage.

Slide 2-26

Scene examination (cont’d)

Slide27

Once the origin is identified, a careful analysis of this area is required to determine the cause.Personnel should keep in mind that the area of greatest damage is not always the point of origin.

Slide 2-27

Scene examination (cont’d)

Slide28

The ignition sequence is an event that allows a competent ignition source to initiate combustion.The act or conditions that led to the ignition of the fuel package establishes the fire cause.

Slide 2-28

Scene Examination (cont’d)

Slide29

Conduct a 360-degree exterior examination of the fire scene.The results of the exterior examination should be fully documented. Note burn patterns and other evidence that may be present or other information that may be important to the investigation.

Slide 2-29

Exterior examination

Slide30

Areas of greatest fire involvement.

Slide 2-

30

Exterior examination (cont’d)

Slide31

Fire patterns and wind conditions.

Slide 2-31

Exterior examination (cont’d)

Slide32

Burn patterns at ventilation points.

Slide 2-32

Exterior examination (cont’d)

Slide33

Safety first!Proceed from areas of least damage to most damage.Be aware of evidence contamination issues (e.g., refueling of gasoline-powered equipment).

Slide 2-33

Prior to entry

Slide34

Fuel containers that do not belong in the area.Repair work in progress.Electrical equipment on the outside of the structure.

Slide 2-34

Unusual events or

out-of-place items

Slide35

Slide 2-

35

Least to most

Slide36

Slide 2-36

Interior examination

Slide37

“V” pattern.Trailers.Charring.Lines of demarcation (smoke/heat line).Calcination of gypsum board.Clean burn.Protected areas.

Slide 2-37

Common fire scene patterns/terminology

Slide38

Major objective of a fire scene examination is the recognition, identification and analysis of fire patterns.Analysis of fire patterns is performed in an attempt to trace fire spread, identify areas and point of origin, and identify the fuels involved.

Slide 2-38

Fire patterns

Slide39

The damage created by flame, radiation, hot gases and smoke creates patterns that investigators use to help locate the area or point of origin.

Slide 2-39

Dynamics of pattern production

Slide40

Created by flames, convective or radiated heat from hot fire gases, and smoke within the fire plume.Appearance and size depends on:Heat release rate (HRR). Geometry/Size of fuel package.Ventilation.Ignitability of vertical surface.

Slide 2-40

“V” patterns

Slide41

Slide 2-

41

“V” pattern (

cont’d

)

Slide42

Slide 2-

42

Inverted “v” pattern

Slide43

There are two basic types of fire patterns:Movement patterns.Intensity patterns.

Slide 2-43

Fire patterns

Slide44

Flame and heat movement patterns are produced by the growth movement of fire and products of combustion away from an initial heat source.If accurately identified and analyzed, these patterns can be traced back to the origin of the heat source that produced them.

Slide 2-44

Movement patterns

Slide45

Flame and heat intensity patterns are produced by the response of materials to the effects of various intensities of heat exposure.The various heat effects on a certain material can produce lines of demarcation.

Slide 2-45

Intensity patterns

Slide46

Where fresh air ventilation is available to a fire, it is not uncommon to find locally heavy damage patterns on combustible items.These patterns may be close to the ventilation opening, which may have no relevance to the point of origin.

Slide 2-46

Effects of room ventilation

Slide47

Autoventilation — caused by the fire breaking through an obstruction, such as a window or roof.

Mechanical ventilation is caused by fire department cutting a hole in roof or breaking windows.

Slide 2-

47

ventilation

Slide48

It is not uncommon for the flashover process to modify or obliterate many of the fire indicators that existed prior to flashover.This is especially true for fire patterns.

Slide 2-48

Post-flashover damage

Slide49

In most cases, no single pattern in and of itself should be relied upon to draw a conclusion as to a fire’s origin and cause.

Old thoughts, theories and literature gave different meanings and interpretations to some patterns.

Slide 2-

49

warning

Slide50

Patterns should be examined and evaluated in light of other information obtained from sources at the scene.

Slide 2-

50

Warning (

cont’d

)

Slide51

The investigator should identify these areas of low burning and be cognizant of their possible proximity to a point of origin.In a compartment where the fire has transitioned through flashover to the fully developed stage, burning down to floor level is not necessarily indicative of an origin at the floor level.

Slide 2-51

Low burn patterns

Slide52

Lines or areas that are borders defining the differences in certain heat and smoke effects of the fire on various materials that may be used to determine direction of fire spread or differences in intensity of burning.

Slide 2-52

Lines of demarcation

Slide53

The production of lines, areas of demarcation, and subsequent fire patterns that they define depend on a combination of variables:The material itself.The rate of heat release of the fire.Fire suppression activities.Temperature of the heat source.Ventilation.Time that the material is exposed to the heat.

Slide 2-53

Lines of demarcation (

cont’d

)

Slide54

Slide 2-

54

Lines of demarcation (cont’d)

Slide55

The characteristics of the material and shape and texture of the surface can affect the shape of the lines of demarcation displayed and the amount of pyrolysis and combustion by differing surface areas.

Slide 2-55

Surface effects

Slide56

Penetration of horizontal surfaces from above or below can be caused by radiant heat, direct flame impingement, or localized smoldering, with or without the effects of ventilation.

Slide 2-56

Penetration of horizontal surfaces

Slide57

In fully involved compartments, hot gases may be forced through small, pre-existing openings in a floor, resulting in a penetration.Penetration may also be the result of intense burning under items such as polyurethane mattresses, couches or chairs.

Slide 2-57

Penetration of horizontal surfaces (

cont’d

)

Slide58

Penetration in a downward direction is often considered unusual because the more natural direction of heat movement is upward through the action of buoyancy.

Slide 2-58

Penetration of horizontal surfaces (

cont’d

)

Slide59

A hole burned into a surface, whether from above or below, may be identified by examining the sloping sides of the hole.

Slide 2-59

Penetration of horizontal surfaces (cont’d)

Slide60

Burning patterns through floors

— NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations

Slide 2-

60

Slide61

The amount of heating depends on the temperature and velocity of the airflow, the geometry and physical properties of the heated item, its proximity to the source of heat, and the amount of heat energy present.

Slide 2-61

Temperature determination

Slide62

Aluminum melts at approximately 1,220 F (660 C). Copper melts at approximately 1,981 F (1,083 C).

Slide 2-62

Melting of metals

Slide63

Steel melts at approximately 2,660 F (1,460 C).At temperatures above 1,000 F (538 C), steel will begin to soften and fail, depending on the load.

Slide 2-63

Melting of metals (

cont’d

)

Slide64

Smoke and soot can collect on cooler surfaces of buildings or their contents, often on upper parts of walls in rooms adjacent to the fire.Smoke tends to condense on walls, windows, and other cooler surfaces.

Slide 2-64

Smoke and soot

Slide65

Produced most commonly by conductive heat or intense heat transfer to a surface.Although they can be indicative of intense heating in an area, clean burn areas by themselves do not necessarily indicate areas of origin.

Slide 2-65

Clean burn

Slide66

Slide 2-

66

Clean burn on interior of structure

Slide67

Moisture content is driven out of gypsum due to heat.The paper surface will char and might also burn off.

Slide 2-67

calcination

Slide68

The object blocking the travel of the heat energy may be solid or liquid, combustible or noncombustible.

Slide 2-68

Heat shadowing

Slide69

Any object that absorbs or reflects the heat energy may cause the production of a pattern.

Slide 2-

69

Heat shadowing (

cont’d

)

Slide70

What aided in the fire spread?

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) unit supply and return vents may influence fire spread in a room.

Slide 2-

70

Slide71

Burning from full room involvement can also produce burning of floors around door thresholds and baseboards due to radiation or air sources (ventilation).

Slide 2-71

floors

Slide72

The presence of furniture, stock, counters or storage may result in these linear patterns.These patterns may also result from wear on floors and the floor covering due to high traffic, and they may be confused with ignitable liquid pour patterns.

Slide 2-72

Protected floor areas

Slide73

Slide 2-

73

Protected floor areas (cont’d)

Slide74

Irregularly shaped objects on the floor, such as clothing or bedding, may also provide protection and produce patterns that may be confused with ignitable liquid pour patterns.

Slide 2-74

Protected floor areas (cont’d)

Slide75

Slide 2-75

Protected floor areas (cont’d)

Slide76

Pulled

toward heat source(over 25 watts (W))

Light bulbs

Slide 2-

76

Slide77

Slide 2-

77

Heat effects on incandescent light bulbs

Slide78

Leave contents and furnishings in place.

Slide 2-

78

Contents and furnishings

Slide79

Patterns can be present on the sides, tops and bottoms of building contents.Patterns will be similar in shape but may display only a portion of the pattern due to limited side of items.

Slide 2-79

Building contents

Slide80

Do not alter position of controls.

Slide 2-

80

Appliances

Slide81

Avoid disturbing electrical cords and equipment.

Slide 2-81

Role of electrical system and equipment

Slide82

Slide 2-82

inventory

Slide83

Slide 2-83

Accountability of keys

Slide84

“SFPE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE”

Slide 2-84

DVD presentation

Slide85

Slide 2-85

Automatic sprinkler systems

Slide86

Slide 2-

86

Fire protection systems

Slide87

Intended to indicate and warn of abnormal conditions.Recognize when a fire is occurring and activate the fire alarm system.Alert occupants.May alert the fire department.May automatically activate fire suppression systems.

Slide 2-87

Automatic alarm and detection systems

Slide88

Notification appliances

Horn BellStrobe Voice

Slide 2-

88

Slide89

Fire alarm control unit.Specific power requirements, including backup power.May be connected to monitoring service.

Slide 2-89

Fire alarm control panel

Slide90

Detect.Warn. Notify.Did the devices activate as intended? If not, why not?

Slide 2-

90

Purpose of smoke and heat detectors

Slide91

Ionization.Generally more responsive to flaming fires.Small amount of radioactive material between two electrically charged plates, which ionizes the air and causes current to flow. Disrupted when smoke enters chamber.

Slide 2-91

Smoke detectors

Slide92

Photoelectric.Generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering.Aims a light source into a sensing chamber away from a sensor. Light is reflected onto the sensor when smoke enters the chamber.

Slide 2-92

Smoke detectors (

cont’d

)

Slide93

Generally used in situations where smoke detectors cannot be used. Often installed in unheated areas.Generally very reliable and less prone to false alarms than smoke detectors.

Slide 2-

93

Heat detectors

Slide94

Did it perform as designed? Why or why not?Proper installation?Evidence of alteration or tampering?Changes in nature of contents or occupancy?Sources of technical assistance — designer, installer, code official.

Slide 2-94

Systems documentation

Slide95

First responder’s role.Scientific methodology.Fire scene examination.Examination of exterior structural components.Examination of interior structural components.

Slide 2-95

summary

United States Fire Administration

Slide96

Fire effects and indicators.Examination of building contents.Fire protection systems.

Slide 2-96

Summary (cont’d)

United States Fire Administration