Asstt Professor Department of Vety Physiology INTRODUCTION The trace elements serve a variety of functions including catalytic structural and regulatory activities in which they interact with macromolecules such as enzymes prohormones pre ID: 1030348
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "TRACE ELEMENTS Dr Pramod Kumar" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. TRACE ELEMENTSDr Pramod KumarAsstt. ProfessorDepartment of Vety. Physiology
2. INTRODUCTION The trace elements serve a variety of functions including catalytic, structural and regulatory activities in which they interact with macromolecules such as enzymes, pro-hormones, pre-secretory granules and biological membranes.
3. Essential trace elements are required for optimum metabolic function in an animal`s body. Iron Zinc Copper Manganese Iodine Chromium Selenium Molybdenum cobalt
4. Characterization on metabolic activitiesAnionsCationsMaintains homeostasis by different pathways.Anions absorbed easily and homeostasis is mediated by renal excretion.Cations need specific pathways for absorption and their homeostasis is effected by gastrointestinal and biliary secretion.
5. Anions - negatively charged ion or electrolytes. Extracellular anions are chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, protein and organic acids. Intracellular anions are chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and protein. Cations - positively charged ion or electrolyte.Extracellular cations are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.Intracellular cations are potassium, magnesium.
6. Minerals - inorganic regulators needed for different functions inside the body. Regulates: • provision of energy • protoplasmic activities • body fluid balance • acid-base balance • structural units of bones, teeth, haemoglobin and thyroxin
7. Physiological functionsgrowth and developmentfunctioning of the body; iodine in thyroxin, zinc in insulin, Cobalt in Vitamin B12, sulphur in thiamine and iron in hemoglobin.In tissue protein, cell bodies and muscles - responsible for their proper functioning.
8. Metabolic regulationMetalloenzymes such as the cytochrome enzymes facilitate ATP productionZinc and copper acts as natural antioxidant enzymesInfluence to the osmotic pressure of body fluids as Na and K saltsmaintenance of acid base balance by preventing accumulation of too much acid or alkali.
9. Classification of MineralsMicrominerals@ less than 100mg/dayMacrominerals@ 100mg/dayCa, K and Na maintain the heart beat rhythm. Ca maintains normal response to nerve stimulusCa is responsible for clot formation.
10. Sodium Regulates ATP-dependent channels with potassium for the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain. Blood level controlled by aldosterone, ANP and ADH. Excessive sodium can cause hypernatraemia Low sodium levels can cause hyponatraemia
11. Potassiummajor intracellular cationkey circulating electrolyteRegulates ATP-dependent channels along with sodium in a 3:2 ratio to maintain the difference in K content between ECF and ICFMaintains osmotic pressureMaintains water balance
12. Contd..Maintains acid-base balanceActs as co-factor for several glycolytic enzymesTransmit nerve impulsesMaintains activity and synthesis of nuclear and proteins Hyperkalameia - increase serum K in the plasmaHypokalameia - decrease serum K level in the plasma
13. Chlorineregulate water balance (osmotic pressure and acid base) nerve impulse conductionhydrochloric acid formation in the stomach Change in plasma level might cause abnormal metabolism of Na+ & Cl⁻ lead to hyperchloraemia or hypochloremia
14. Calcium Intracellular calcium:muscle contractionreleases hormones (neuro-transmitter/modulators)activation of some enzymeenter in glycogen metabolismcell division
15. Contd… Extracellular calcium:maintain ECF calcium concentrationbone mineralizationblood coagulationmembrane excitabilitymuscle contraction
16. Phosphoroussynthesis of nucleic acidssynthesis of ATPmaintenance of pH balanceact as major buffer system (phosphoric acid) part of DNA and RNA and necessary for growthActivates many enzymes and vitamins BATP uses three phosphate groups
17. Magnesiumactive in many enzyme systemsresides half the body’s magnesium in the bonesrest is in muscles and soft tissues1 % in the extracellular fluidcalcium, bone magnesium may serve as a reservoir to ensure normal blood concentrations. necessary for energy metabolismcatalyst in the reaction to form ATP compoundpermit the use of glucoseinvolved in the synthesis of protein, fat and nucleic acidsInvolved in cells membrane transport systems.
18. Calcium and magnesium is involved in muscle contraction and blood clottingcalcium promotes whereas magnesium inhibitsinteraction between the two mineral helps to regulate blood pressure and lung functionsupports the normal functioning of the immune system
19. Chromium It is needed in small amount for certain biological functioncontrol of glucose metabolismlipid metabolismacts as cofactor for increasing glucose utilizationtransport amino acids into cellslower cholesterol level
20. Manganeseinvolved in protein and fat metabolismpromotes healthy nervous systemnecessary for digestive function, bone growth, and immune functionnecessary for the proper function of SOD
21. Copperinvolved in the formation of red bloods cellsinvolve in oxidation reduction reactions involved in the proper processing of collagen for production of skin, bone, and connective tissue
22. Iodinerequired for the synthesis of T3 and T4deficiency leads to cretinism and goiterCretinism;- deficiency during pregnancy lead to neonatal hypothyrodism characterized by mental retardation, dwarfism and retarded development Goiter characterized by enlargement of thyroid gland and impairment of thyroxin production
23. Ironsynthesisze haemoglobin, myoglobin, chytochromes, catalase and peroxidasestored in the body as ferritin or haemosiderinFerritin is iron storage compound in liver, spleen and boneThe protein compound of ferritin is apoferritinDeficiency leads to result in hypochromic microcytic anaemia
24. Selenium constituent of glutathione peroxidaseprotects the cell membrane against oxidative damage by H2O2prevents lipid oxidation and protect cell against superoxide free radicals
25. Zincacts as co-factor for enzymesinvolved in variety of biochemical processesinteracts with insulin to ensure proper function regulates blood glucose levels promotes wound healingregulates immune functionserves as co-factor for numerous antioxidant enzymesnecessary for protein synthesisprocessing of collagen
26. Sulfurconsists essential amino acids for skin, hair, nails, liver and pancreasprimary function in amino acid metabolismmodified complex carbohydrates present in proteins and lipidsamino acid methionine is the sourcecofactors or regulators of enzyme function