Urban expansion in Oromia and the place of indigenous people in - PowerPoint Presentation

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Urban expansion in Oromia and the place of indigenous people in OSZSF: The case of Burayu town. By: KetemaNanechaMA in Development EconomicsE-mail: ketema.nanecha@gmail.comA Research paper presented on a conference organized by Economics and Development Association of Oromia (EDAO) under the theme: “Industrialization, Urban Expansion and Unemployment in Oromia”

[

I would like to thank

Mekonnen

Bersisa

(Ph.D.)

for his professional advice and pain stacking supervision in all steps of this research work. However, any error or omissions remain mine.

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Content of the presentation Introduction and motivation Objective of the study Methodology of the study Findings of the study Conclusion and recommendations

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The special Zone of Oromia surrounding the city of Finfine is the most dynamic region where both urbanization and industrialization are rapidly growing and in conflict with indigenous farming community. These small towns in Oromia Special Zone surrounding Finfine namely; Burayu, Sululta, Dukem, L/Tafo, Sebate, Sendefa, Holeta, and Galen are growing extremely in terms of population and physical size. The physical expansion of the town in this zone has occurred through formal and informal house construction (planned and unplanned). The main factors for expansion of these towns are their high potentials in attracting investments mainly due to their proximity to the national market and accessibility to various types of infrastructures. The creation of SZOSF by Oromia regional government was intended to check and save indigenous farmers from horizontal expansion of Finfine city to farming community. However, this establishment didn’t save the indigenous farmers in this zone from socio-economic problems of urban expansion as expected.1. Introduction and motivation

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In the OSZSF, in almost all directions agricultural land is in transition to non-agricultural uses a situation which affected the socio economic condition of farming communities. Indigenous farming community experienced land dispossession in the town not only due to the land policy issues but also intervention of land brokers.The land brokers serve for some unethical governmental official and rich men as economic agents. Burayu is one of the fastest growing towns in the SZOSF and the western Oromia region at large. It is located within few kilometers (15 kilometers) from the centre of city, Finfine. The study area is expected to face several complicated and great impacts unless the impacts are identified and controlled before alarming (intensification).Intro cont’d

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General objectiveThe aim of this study is to examine socio-economic impact of urban expansion on indigenous farmers in Burayu town. Specifically, the study tries to address the following objectives:To know the place of indigenous farmers due to urban expansionTo examine influence of urbanization on livelihood, cultural values, use of first language and local social status of the farming community living in the town.To identify cause and result of formal and informal urban expansion on indigenous farming community. To examine land compensation packages and its effects on indigenous farmers.To identify the attitude of indigenous farmers on compensation and capacity of using this compensation.2. Objective of the study

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Description of the Study AreaFoundation of the town The main factors that led to the foundation of Burayu town where: natural, political, historical, economic, social and cultural factors. According to informants, Burayu town was founded in 1946 by a land lord of that area named Grazmatch Robi Kelecha.The presence of Burayu historical tree Burayu or “Tukuri incet”was also another basic factor. Before the foundation of the town this historical tree was serving as the rest place (hotel) for Walaga to Finfine traders. Administrative System of Burayu Town During the Imperial era, Burayu used to be administrated within “Menagesha Awuraja” of Shoa Province, without being given any status of a town administration. During the Derg-regime, it was administrated as one Kebele of wolmera district under the West Shoa administration zone without being given any attention. In 2006 G.C, Burayu Town has become 1st grade town in Oromia region and Currently, it has 6 kebeles namely: Leku keta, Burayu Keta, Gefarsa Burayu, Gefarsa Guje, Melka Gefarsa, and Gefarsa Nono. 3. Research Methodology

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Data sourcesData sources used for this study are both primary and secondary data sources.Primary data was collected through interview questioners, focus group discussion and key informants interview. The secondary data was collected from Burayu town investment, land use and land management, social affairs and municipal offices. Research DesignTo undertake this study, the researcher uses qualitative approach of research design. Population The target populations of this study were indigenous farming community living in Burayu town. Sample size In order to make representative samples, first the lists of all appropriate indigenous farmers respondents in Burayu town were prepared. The total indigenous farmer’s in the study area were estimated to be 556. Out of 556 indigenous farmers, it was decide to use 232 samples by using the following simple formula. The formula is used to calculate the sample size with a 95% confidence level and with 0.05 errors (Yemane Formula ). n= N/1+Ne2 =556/1+556(0.05)2= 556/1+0.556(0.0025)= 232Where n=Sample size, N = population size and e = level of precision, i.e. 0.05. Method of data analysisThe qualitative data was analyzed by organizing, summarizing and interpreting the data collected qualitatively. In other words, qualitative data was analyzed descriptively in the form of narration.

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Picture 1: - During interview with Indigenous farmers in Nonno Kebele

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Demographic characteristics of the respondents Age –Sex composition of the respondents The majority of the indigenous farmers 'households head were males which account 80% of the respondents.Majority of the respondents (49.13%) age were found between 46-65 ageFamily size of the respondents The %age of farmers have family size 5-8 respondent were (61%)Educational Status Majority of respondent indigenous farmers 45% able to read and write, 35% of indigenous farmers were illiterate. Farmer’s complete primary and secondary school were more active in economy and urban new way of life but in this area there high illiterate rate. 4. Results and Discussions

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Source of incomeAs survey indicate major source of income for indigenous farmers in Burayu town were dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry (100%) before urban expansion.Some farmers were also engaging in off farm activities to complement their income from agriculture (collecting fuel wood, making charcoal, petty trade etc). The complementary income they used to earn helped them to discharge their social responsibilities (like equb, Idir etc).  traditional saving. The community’s income source from farming as a livelihood strategy was affected after urban expansion. specially farmers in the area of Bero, Batero, Dire, Anne Dimma and Abdi Nonno became landless, the land already changed in to industrial and residential area, so The source of income for this farmer changed to fetching water, guard and engage in casual way of life and very few farmers have managed to construct house for rent. What I observe during my study in Bero area it is pain full six farmers have fetching waters for new comers because they have nothing on their hand.Majority farmers live unstable life due to formal and informal urban expiation. Economic condition of indigenous Farming Community Before and after urban expansion

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Now even if they get better income than before urban expansion they can’t practice purchase of consumption grain from market for their consumption with Kg, they can’t adapt this kind of life. From this the researcher conclude that even if some farmers get better income interims of money after urban expansion, the majority indigenous farmer are happy with the life before urban expansion because abundance of consumption in their home.S.NVariable CategoriesBefore urban expansionAfter urban expansionFrequencyPercentFrequencyPercent1

Income source

Agriculture

116

100

47

41

Trade

 

 

31

27

Others

 

 

38

33

2

Annually income

<30,000

26

22

41

35

31,000-49,000

4337282450,000- 69,00033283429>70,00014121311

Annual income Before and after urban expansion

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Capacity of Meeting Basic Needs Before urban expansion as the survey indicate that: 53% were reported that their capacity of meeting basic needs was better and 26% of them reported that their capacity of meeting basic need was high 21% of them reported that low capacity of meeting their basic needsAs survey indicated after urbanization the indigenous farmer’s: high capacity of meeting basic needs decreased from 26% to 20% and the farmer’s low capacity of meeting their basic needs increased from 21% to 34%. Furthermore, the FGD discussants interviewees confirm the same facts that purchasing power of goods and services became unaffordable for those farmers living on daily income and have many dependent children.They added that all needs and wants can be easily achieved without incurring much costs before urbanization. This demonstrates that the capacity of meeting basic needs of the community was to some extent good before urban expansion.

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Case 1: Indigenous farmer’s experience on food consumption During an interview with indigenous farmers, one elder indigenous farmer in Gafarsa Nonno Kebele Bero area regretfully recalled and narrated his past experiences before urban expansion. He used to reserve different grains for two years in grain store “Gumbi”. However, currently he hardly gets enough money to purchase even a kuntal of Teff at once. To meet his subsistence daily needs, he has to look for hands of his children living in different areas even to purchase grain for food consumption. He expressed his disappointments and painful experiences of urban expansion his families faced with his local song on this issues “Faffaacane Yaa Ijoolee koo Faffaacane, Ergaa Gumbiin Gargaar Baanee”. This local song tells that the farmers in the area failed to satisfy their Childers needs after urban expansion and their family land expropriation which results into forced migration of their children to search for their ways to survive.

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1. Socio-Cultural condition of indigenous Farming Community Before and after urban expansion First Language Use Before urbanization the use of 1st language, in home, in work area, in public meeting and other social issues were very high. After urbanization as survey indicated that: 49% less frequently use first language. 47% use first language moderately.4% use first language high frequently. The FGD also confirmed that their children faced difficulties because they cannot find preferred private schools in the area where they learn through their first language starting from kindergarten to secondary school. In the area more time on public meeting they use Amaric language as means of communication because majority of the participant were different nation and nationality speak different language. Case 2. One Gafersa Nonno Kusaye area farmers tell to me, I never go to meeting at locality because they use the language I cant! ‘’waan isaan itti xibaran hin beeku’’Majority (88%) of the respondent after urbanization there were cultural influence and their social values decrease. Example their indigenous norms and value, social connection and etc. affected. (Jarsuma, kadhimumma and etc).Their children also ignore norm of their parents and follow new comers culture and norms.(chewing chat and doing other immorality acts)

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. Cause and consequences of informal urban expansion on indigenous farming communityi. Causes of informal settlements (Chereka bet)Informal settlement or “Chereka bet” is one of the basic factors that assist horizontal urban expansion. The indigenous farmers in the study area transfer his farm land for informal house construction without taking into account about the future generation. The main reasons stimulates the illegal house expansion in Burayu town are:1ST . fear of indigenous farmers low land compensationAs survey data indicate that majority of the respondent (91%) respond that due to low land compensation from the government, they transferred their land to informal settlements and The participants on focus group discussions also approved this idea according to FGD participant the root cause of land transfer for informal settlers were due to low land compensation payment of the government for farmers.

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2nd Children of farmers also participate in informal house construction after they get independent from their family.This is due to the formal urban expansion fail to accommodate their interests Even if the government provide plot of land for house construction to farmers children, 96% of the respondent farmers said that their children did not construct house on the plot of land government provided them. 87% of indigenous farmers who got plot of land for house construction sold the land and construct their house in as informal house/Cheraka bet/ with their families.Moreover, during the 1998 to 2000 land compensation some families of farmers were excluded from plot of land for house construction due to their age limit (below 18 years), when they want to construct house… their families land is already gone and the only option they have is to go informal house construction. 3rd . Location advantage of this area:the low-income group’s people from Addis Ababa and the corner of the country migrate to this town and activate informal house constriction. By using the above problem as good opportunity new comers from different corner of the country, broker’s, unethical rich men and some government officials take as source of income informal house construction in the study areas.It also opening road for rent seekers'

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ii. Cuscuses of informal settlement 1. Agricultural land in the area has already been taken by informal settlers and converted to urban use, and indigenous farmers in the area become landless. As secondary data obtained from Burayu land use office indicated that from September 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 at minimum 82.62 hek. of land occupied by informal house (Chereka bet) construction in the town. It further indicate in formal way 39.63 hek. land taken from farmers by paying compensation money in the same year.The informal land occupied is greater than two times of formal land provision in the town in the same year. 2. Demographic problem because the indigenous people in this area: their culture, language and values assimilated by new comers.3. Security problems These informal house constructions in the town not only affect agricultural lands it also contributes for peace problem. 4. Unplanned horizontal urban expansion of the built-up area of the town. 5. Increased costs in terms of infrastructure and basic urban social services.

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Demolition of informal settlements (Moon house) economical not recommended because It damaged the resource of the country and Highly affect low income groups those invest on that house and they become hopeless. Security problems through conflict and revenge in the areaEven if the town take action this informal settlement (moon house) farm land of rural village like Tolcha, Hadhiro, Karole, subi, sarit, sangota, Anne Dimma and other village of the town changed to informal settlement.Before construction if controlling measure taking by local leaders it is better.When informal house (Chereka bet) demolished by town administration

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Compensation payment and farmers response about compensation i. Compensation procedures on and challenges in the Study Area According to Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Government, land is the common property of the ‘state and the people’, and, hence, is not subject to sale, exchange or mortgage. (Federal Negarit Gazeta, July 2005). Compensation payment calculation based on the current market price the property that land have according to the following formula. Due to this the compensation paid for 1m2 not constant from year to year.Compensation paid in burayuAs secondary data indicated that from 1999 to 2009 were 444hek. of land taken from farmers and 76,467,204.11 birr was paid as compensation for indigenous farmers. Whereas data show number of Farmers and their children obtained house plot land not available.On other hand the land compensation payment for farmers in each year not well organized.

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As sample serve indicate Indigenous farmers do not get awareness about land compensation,87% of the respondent farmers did not get awareness but only 13% of respondent get awareness about land compensation. Focus group discussion respondents also confirmed the idea of interview respondent no awareness creation before payment of compensation.Case 3Indigenous farmers in Bero(Diaspora site) area stated that, in 1998 first Kebele leaders and some Burayu town municipally office officials came, told them that this area selected for residential for Oromo community Diaspora. They refuse there idea to leave the land with compensation because they had already purchase fertilizers and seeds for sowing but they forced them by using police men.ii. Indigenous farmer Awareness towards land compensation

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iii. Attitudes of the indigenous farmers towards land compensationAlmost all (100%) indigenous farmers were dissatisfied with the compensation they got for their land. Even they explain their dissatisfaction for concerned local administration:34% get highly disappointing and 41% get disappointing response. Because theGovernment pays as compensation 30.5 birr per 1m2 or 305, 000 birr per 1hek. of land .when they transfer for informal/ illegal settlers they get in average 500birr/1m2.The secondary data taken from Burayu town land use office show that, the maximum lease price given for 1m2 on bides was 22,077birr/1m2 and the minimum lease price given on bid sales was 6667birr/1m2. But 426 birr/1m2 for lease price .This fact shows that there is clear land policy (compensation) gap that would encourage informal land transfer.

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iv. Attitudes of the indigenous farmers towards benefit packages The benefit package provide by government during compensation was house plot land, training, job opportunity and infrastructure development. The attitude of indigenous farmers on benefit package regarded the government provision of house land plot for house construction:100% respondent not agree for only their children above 18 ages get house plot land :they also dissatisfy on 500m2 house plot land provide for them and 105m2 provide for their children. Why?because if they get house plot land, these farmers have not other source of income to sustain their life. Example : the house plot land allowed for construction on 105m2 were above G+1, so farmers and their children cannot afford to construct house on these house plot land.As survey indicate that 87% of indigenous farmers and 96% their children get house plot of land during compensation as benefit package they sell or transfer to others. Why they transfer or sells to others?can’t afford the cost of construction house due to this they sell the house plot land they get.There were some indigenous farmers in the area that did not get house plot of land for them and their children after they leave their land with compensation, All most all (100%) respondent respond that not get training and adviser support after take compensation.

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Investment and job opportunity The investment under taken in one area may have negative or positive impact on socio economic of farming community. Regarding to investment taken in Burayu town, 88% respondent respond that they did not get priority job opportunity for their children andAs secondary data obtained from investment office indicate that ;From total 780 investor, only 490 investors are on operation The agreement of 23 investors were cancelled due to different reason. These investment create job opportunity for permanent 10,500 and temporary job for 12,771 person .From this job opportunity local people get not more than 10% as information obtained from investment office.The investor fulfill their social responsibility less than 10%.

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5. Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusion Based on the analysis, the followings are concluded. The proximity to national markets, cheap house rent in relative to Finfine attracts many residential to the study area.Majority of the indigenous farmers’ capacity of meeting basic needs was to some extent good before urban expansion. Due to formal and informal urban expansion the indigenous farmers dominated by new comers, due to this they assimilate their social norm and value, culture and etc. One obvious challenges of urban expansion to the majority of the indigenous farmer’s and local community members is the incapability of adjusting themselves to urban character partly due to their background.Majority of indigenous farmers were evicted from their land involuntarily.

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Majority of farmers and their children did not construct house on the house plot land they get. becauseEconomic problem they can’t afford construction according to standard of the town so they transfer their house plot lands, which result for evocation of indigenous farmers from their home land.The current compensation government pay for farmers per 30.5birr/1m2 is not fear because:the maximum lease price given for 1m2 on bides was 22,077birr/1m2 the minimum lease price given on bid sales was 6667birr/1m2.Due to formal and informal urban expansion the indigenous farmers in this area disposed from their land with out take in to consideration future generation fate.

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Recommendation Based on the finding of this research the following recommendations were given:The economic source of majority of indigenous farmers changed from agriculture to casual activities due to this the town must provide livelihood option for victim farmers due to urban expansion.To control the informal house expansion on farm land: short run solution Burayu town land use office must provide house number for those already constructed until identified for action.In the long run the government should revisit its land compensation policy. Further , the government should provide plot of land for urban homeless peopleTo encourage the use of 1st language, Burayu town Education office must take action and formulate rules for those private schools from KG to secondary school. Land compensation must consider the current economic situation and future livelihood of the evicted farmers.The benefit package indigenous farmers get were not only house plot land for them and their children, business plot of lands must be provided for them in parallel to house plot land by government. During land compensation payment for indigenous farmers’ awareness and supportive training should be given.Rather than giving the compensation money in cash, it would be better if the government facilitate business opportunity for farmers (share from the investment in their land) and provide credit facility for business.

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The house plot of land 105m2 currently provided for indigenous farmers should be improved or gov’t search other option. The government should provide house plot of lands for those children their ages below 18 age or put reservation house plot of land on their parent.The government should facilitate joint ventureship of investors and land owners to work together or to participate in investment in share ways. The investment undertaken in the area should give top priority on job for those victim indigenous farmers and their children.

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March , 2018, Elili International HotelAddis AbabaHORA BULAA!