technologies Poul Erik Grohnheit DTU Management Engineering Bent Ole Gram Mortensen University of Southern Denmark ECM3 Third International Symposium on Energy Challenges and Mechanics towards a big picture ID: 787027
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Slide1
District heating as the infrastructure for competition among fuels and technologies
Poul Erik
Grohnheit,
DTU
Management
Engineering.
Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, University of Southern Denmark
ECM3: Third
International Symposium on Energy Challenges and Mechanics - towards a big picture,
7-9
July 2015 Aberdeen, UK
Session
16: ENERGY POLICY AND
ECONOMY, 7 July 2015
Contact:
pogr@dtu.dk
(Poul Erik
Grohnheit
)
Slide2Overview
The urban heat market
Illustrations of technologies competing on the heat market
Summary of abstract and conclusion of the paper submitted to the conferenceSelected reference on the district heating market 2003 to today
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Slide3The urban heat market
Many conversion technologies
Supply from renewable or fossil sources, including the natural gas grid
Electricity supply to electric resistance heat, electric boilers or - small or large - heat pumpsKey technologies for DH are CHP, waste incineration, industrial waste heat geothermal heat and large heat pumpsCHP, heat pumps and electric boilers are important for balancing intermittent electricity (wind and solar)
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Slide4Combined heat and power – small-scale
From 1970s: Very popular technology for
optimisation
models, e.g. EFOM, MARKAL, TIMES, Balmorel
, etc.1990s: Significant technical progress, e.g combined cycle gas turbine.
Important technology for local biomass.Dedicated plants as base load for small district heating grids, thus limited flexibility and competition.Future: adding heat pumps, expansion and interconnection of district heating grids.
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Slide5Virtual and physical heat pumps
Technology
Power-loss-ratio
Effi-ciency
factor
Electricity driven heat pump
n.a
3
Nuclear CHP
0.25
4
Coal/gas CHP
;
Fission Gen. IV and Fusion.
0.15
7
Low-temperature
DH
n.a
.
10
Conservative average for heat transmissionn.a.5CCS with heat recoveryn.a.n.a.
Acknowledgement:
William Orchard, 11th IAEE European Conference, Vilnius, September 2010.
Production of electricity and heat in extraction-condensing units.
Large-scale extraction-condensing combined heat and power plants can be treated as virtual heat pumps with a high COP factor
Enables a flexible response to the electricity market dominated by wind: Both generation and consumption of electricity can generate heat.
Slide6Waste incineration
Denmark 1903: Waste incineration in a densely populated municipality with no access to space for landfill
District heating development in some cities with supply from CHP from local power stations, later in many towns with heavy fuel oil from new refineries
1960s many small waste incineration plants for existing district heating grids
From 1980: National heat plan with systematic use of all sources for district heating
Future: Decreasing amount of waste to energy due to more recycling.The map shows the location of the 27 waste-to-energy plants in Denmark in 2005 and their areas of collection.
Source COWI
.
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Slide7Immaterial infrastructure: Legal framework, organised markets, and institutions
1971: Spot market in Norway for excess hydro power.
1992: Norwegian power exchange.
1995-2000: Nord Pool Spot expanded to Sweden, Finland and Denmark.
The market organisation copied in many countries.
Today: Essential for balancing wind power in Denmark – 40 % of the domestic electricity demand.CHP/DH companies operate on the electricity spot market.Future: Much more wind in North Europe – mainly off-shore
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7 July 2015
DTU Test facility for off-shore wind turbines ,
Østerild
, North Jutland.
Middelgrunden
outside Copenhagen, 20 x 2 MW
Slide8Summary of abstract and conclusion
District heating networks offer the possibility of competition between fuels technologies for comfort heat and cooling in buildings.
Cogeneration of electricity and heat is a key technology for energy efficiency.
Additional technologies for small-scale networks are heat pumps, solar panels and local biomassKey technologies for large-scale urban networks are incineration of urban waste and geothermal heat. With heat storages district heating can contribute to balancing the intermittency of wind power.
Update of article from 2003European directives on competition in the electricity and gas network industries and promotion of renewables and cogenerationLimited support for the synergy from the district heating infrastructure.
Recent research on district heating in North Europe, e.g. 4th generation district heating.Legal and institutional framework, in particular market places for electricity trade on an hourly basis.
Tools for quantitative modelling tools.
Heat roadmap Europe.
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Slide9Selected references
Grohnheit, P.E
.; Gram Mortensen
, B.O. (2003) Competition in the markets for space heating. District heating as the infrastructure for competition among fuels and technologies. Energy Policy. Lund, Henrik, et al. (2014) 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems,
Energy.Mortensen, Bent Ole Gram (2014), Legal Framework as a Core Element of District Cooling Success - The Case of Denmark. Journal of Power and Energy
EngineeringPetrović, Stefan,
Karlsson
, Kenneth. B. (2014). Danish heat atlas as a support tool for energy system models. Energy Conversion and
Management.
Grohnheit, Poul Erik; Møller Andersen, Frits; Larsen, Helge V. (2011) Area price and demand response in a market with 25% wind power.
Energy Policy.
Persson
, U
.;
Möller
, B.; Werner, S.
(2014): Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying strategic heat synergy regions, Energy
Policy
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7 July 2015