Osvaldo Sala httpwwwpersonalmastershipcomcontributioncommunitygratitudeforecosystemservices Ecosystem Services benefits people obtain from ecosystems Ecosystem Services Supplied by ID: 810846
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Slide1
Ecosystem
Services: Paradigm Change from Supply to Reconciling Supply & Demand
Osvaldo Sala
Slide2http://www.personal-mastership.com/contribution-community/gratitude-for-ecosystem-services
Ecosystem
Services:
benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Slide3Ecosystem Services Supplied by
the Chihuahuan Desert Rangelands
Cattle Production
Spaceport America
Recreation
Residential/business
Agriculture
Slide4Slide5Sala et al 2016
Number of scientific publications related to Ecosystem Services over 1983-2012
Slide6Supply
of
Ecosystem
Services
Demand
for Ecosystem Services
Use
of ES
The level of supply of an ecosystem service in a
region (
green
) actually demanded by people (
orange
) determines the use of
the service of interest
(
purple
).
Shift in emphasis from supply
to reconciling supply and demand
Slide7Shift in emphasis from supply to
reconciling supply and demand.
Slide8How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide9Approaches to estimate the demand of ES:
People preferences by collation of responses to questionnaires and interviews
Social surveys: Services are identified spontaneously
More ‘visible’ services, such as recreation, aesthetic, natural hazards regulation are commonly identified
Ranking exercise
: A list of services are presented and people has to rank them
More ‘invisible’ services such as pollination and soil fertility emerged during these exercises
Identification of drivers of ES demand
Collection and analysis of statistics
Slide10How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide11Provisioning
(Food production)
Supporting
(
Biodiversity
)
Regulating
(
Carbon sequestration)
Cultural
(Recreation
)
Ecosystem service classes
Supply of ES
Use of ES
Demand of ES
Modified from data in
Carpenter et al. 2012. PNAS
Supply and Demand for different ES
Slide12How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide13Stakeholders
Main service valued
Farmers
Forage supply for
livestock
production
Regulating services
to sustain forage
production
Service
providers
Cultural services provided by landscape
Recreational hunters
Supply of game species
Recreation and aesthetic enjoyment
Conservationists
Habitat
for endangered and rare wildlife species
Regulating services to sustain habitat quality
Passive Nature tourists
Recreation
and aesthetic enjoyment
Active Nature
tourists
Recreation
and aesthetic enjoyment
Habitat
for wildlife species
Stakeholders in arid-semiarid regions and the main ES valued
Castro et al. 2010,
J
Arid
Environ
;
Schefer
et al. 2000,
Ecosystems
Slide14PS: Provisioning
servicesSS: Supporting services
CS: Cultural services
RS: Regulating services
Demand for Ecosystem Services by different stakeholders
Slide15How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide16Supply of ES
Use of ES
Demand of ES
Pre-settlement:
the supply of ES surpassed the demand
Present:
the demand for ES is not fully satisfied by the supply
Future:
the demand for ES will surpass the supply
Supply & Demand through Time
?
Modified from data in Carpenter et al. 2012.
PNAS
Slide17How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide18Drivers of Ecosystem Services
Demand
Monthly income Level of formal education
Urban vs. rural
setting
Geographic
location
Environmental awareness
Cultural
values
Age
Gender
Available technologies to replace ecosystem services
Slide19The per capita demand for crops has been a similarly increasing function of per capita real income since 1960
Tilman
et al., PNAS 2011
Slide20How can we quantify the demand for ES?
Which kind of ES are more demanded? How does demand change among stakeholders and regions?
How does demand change through time? Which are the main drivers of ES demand?
What are the hypothesized trends in demand?
Demand
for
Ecosystem
Services
Slide21Hypothesized Trends in Demand
in Ecosystem ServicesYahdjian, Sala, Havstad, Frontiers 2015
Slide22Demand for Ecosystem Services in United
States Drylands
Slide23Visitors BLM land
(Millions/year)Hunters BLM land
(Millions/year)
1,4
1,5
1,5
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Wildlife viewers
(Millions/year)
Visitors onto National Parks
(Millions/year)
A
C
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
B
D
Yahdjian, Sala, Havstad, Frontiers 2015
Slide24Yahdjian, Sala, Havstad, Frontiers 2015
Slide25Population in 10 arid US States(Millions)
-
5
10
15
20
25
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
TOTAL
Metro
Non
-
Metro
Rural
Slide26Demand for Ecosystem Services in Other Areas
of the World
Slide27The demand for ES in different regions of the world
National Parks
Provisioning
Suporting
Cultural
Regulating
Urban area
Developed regions
Agricultural area
Resorts
Rural area
National Parks
Urban area
Developing regions
Agricultural area
Resorts
Rural area
Modified from data in
Martín-López
2012,
PLoS
ONE;
Castro 2011
, J. Arid
Env
; Zhen 2010,
Environ. Res.
Lett
Slide28Livestock production is a major provisioning ecosystem service from rangelands
Effects of woody-plant encroachment
A comparison of North and South America
Slide29LP = B0 + B1 NPP + B2 Tree Cover + Error
Hypothesis:
Slide30Anadon
, Sala, Turner, Bennett, PNAS 2014
Slide31Anadon
, Sala, Turner, Bennett, PNAS 2014
Slide32Estimate
p-value
Estimate
p-value
Intercept
-40.8044
0.8424
-22.75
0.6015
NPP
0.133
<0.0001
0.09796
<0.0001
Tree cover
-0.5754
0.0005
1.1360
0.0006
NPP*Tree cover
-
n.s
.
-0.003
0.0001
R
2
24.01
50.26
Anadon
, Sala, Turner, Bennett, PNAS 2014
Relative importance of ecological drivers on livestock production in woody encroached grasslands of two contrasting countries:
Slide33Anadon
, Sala, Turner, Bennett, PNAS 2014
Slide34Number of cattle
and the agricultural population decreased during 1960-2005 in grasslands of the US while it remains constant in Argentinean grasslands
Number of cattle
Agricultural population
Anadon
, Sala, Turner, Bennett, PNAS 2014
Slide35Land
Use =
ʄ ∑j
n
[(
ES
j
supply
), (∑
in(
ESj
Demandstakeholder_i
*Political
Powerstakeholder_i
))]Conclusion:
Slide36Land
Use
=
ʄ ∑
j
n
[(
ES
j
supply), (∑i
n(
ESj
Demand
stakeholder_i*Political
Powerstakeholder_i ))]
Conclusion:
Ecosystem Services Supply
Slide37Land
Use
=
ʄ ∑
j
n
[(
ES
j
supply), (
∑in(
ES
j
Demandstakeholder_i*Political
Powerstakeholder_i
))]
Conclusion:
Ecosystem Services Demand
times
Slide38Land
Use
=
ʄ ∑
j
n
[(
ES
j
supply), (∑
in
(ESj
Demandstakeholder_i
*Political Powerstakeholder_i
))]
Conclusion:
Political Power of the Stakeholder
Slide39BioScience® How Scientists Can Help End the Land-Use Conflict In the last 6 months, we have seen an increase in conflicts about how to use public lands. And scientists have the tools to assist in solving those conflicts. Recently, we saw Native Americans occupying a prairie in North Dakota to protest the construction of a pipeline through tribal land. The confrontation between tribal nations and an energy transport company escalated and led to the intervention of the federal
government…Measuring ecosystem services and the demands from stakeholders may assist in conflict resolution by shifting the discussion from an emotion-based conflict to an evidence-based negotiation in which many novel options are in play. Then, it would be possible to assess whether there are trade-offs among the demands of different stakeholders.
Not
only do trade-offs exist, but also win–win situations occur when an increase in one service is associated with an increase in other services. Moderate grazing of rangelands, as opposed to overgrazing, increases forage production and conservation of species while reducing soil erosion. Science can provide an unbiased estimate of the costs and benefits in terms of the ecosystem services of different management options—all with the goal of managing land to reconcile the ever-changing demand and supply of ecosystem services.
OSVALDO E. SALA
Julie A. Wrigley Professor of Life Sciences and Sustainability Arizona State University
BioScience 66 (11): 915
Slide40Example: Bears Ears, UT
Slide41“Remote Utah Enclave Becomes New Battleground Over
Reach of U.S. Control”
New York Times, March 2016
Slide42Ecosystem Services Supplied by Bears Ears
c
attle ranching
o
il / gas drilling
c
ultural heritage
tourism
p
hotos © bearsearscoalition.org
Recreation
Slide43Split Among Stakeholders
Ranchers: restrictions imposed by monument would cripple economic gains from cattle ranching.
Environmental conservationists: large natural area would be preserved and protected from illegal / irresponsible recreational activity and energy development initiatives.
Tribal nations:
s
upport:
joint management of land would create new model for how public lands are managed among tribal coalitions
o
pposition:
federal oversight would restrict utilization of natural resources (i.e., timber, plant harvest, hunting) of Bear Ears.
Slide44Slide45Example: Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, OR
Slide46Slide47Ecosystem Services Supplied by Malheur
r
ecreational birdingecotourism
c
attle ranching
p
hotos
© FWS
Slide48Stakeholder Tension in Harney County
Major opposition to federal management of the land since the 1980’s to the 2016 armed occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge has been matched by birders,
ecotourists, and environmentalists who support federal oversight of the refuge.
Slide49Evidence-Based Land
UseAssessment of Supply & demand of
ecosystem services Values of stake holders
New negotiated solutions
Allow
for compensations among stakeholders
Flexibility
through time
Reconciling
Supply & Demand
Slide50T
hank you
Slide51T
hank youLaura Yahdjian
Courtney CurrierJosé Anadón
Slide52Ecosystem Services
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems & Human Well-being: Synthesis Report, Island Press