Academic writing i June - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Academic writing i

June

13, 2014 – Supplemental informationSlide2

Today

Quotations &

Paraphrasing

-

Note

: The concept of paraphrasing was only introduced in class today. This slide show provides you with more information and instruction about paraphrasing. Feel free to use this to help you with writing Assignment 5.Slide3

Direct quotations

Usually need

reporting verbs or phrases

:

- assert - according to

- insist - As XYZ says

- claim

- say

- state

- suggestSlide4

Direct quotations

It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. Dr. Michael

Karsten

, a Dutch physician who

has

prescribed steroids to hundreds of athletes,

states

,

“If you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from my experience you can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is just too filled with drug users”

(Bamberger and

Yaeger

, 1997, p.62

).Slide5

Indirect quotations

It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. Dr. Michael

Karsten

, a Dutch physician who said he had prescribed steroids to hundreds of athletes,

stated

that

if

[athletes] were especially gifted, [they] might win once, but from his experience [they] couldn’t continue to win without drugs. He

asserted

that

the field was just too filled with drug users (Bamberger and

Yaeger

,

2010, p. 62

).Slide6

Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect

1. Remove the quotation marks (“ “)

2. Add the subordinator,

that

. (i.e., “asserts that…”)

3. Change verb tense if necessary.

- Remember tense rules.

4. Change pronouns (and time expressions if necessary) to maintain the sense of the original.Slide7

Direct to indirect quotationSlide8

Paraphrasing

Putting a passage into your own words without

altering

the meaning.

Used to:

- (

slightly) shorten a longer statement, maintaining the main

ideas

- implement information/ideas from others’ workSlide9
Slide10

Paraphrasing techniques

Change from a clause to a phrase

i.e.,

After he studied

, John took a nap.



After studying

, John took a nap

.

The house

across the street

is new.

 The house

that is across the street

is new.Slide11

Paraphrasing techniques

Change from Quoted to Indirect Speech.

i.e., Mr. Lee said,

“I am ready for lunch.”

Mr. Lee said

he was ready for lunch

.Slide12

Paraphrasing techniques

Change from active voice to passive voice **

i.e., A hotel employee

will carry

your bags.

 Your bags

will be carried by

a hotel employee.

** Use this only if you cannot find a better way to paraphrase.Slide13

Paraphrasing techniques

Replace words with synonyms

i.e., A

hotel employee

will

carry

your

bags

.

 A

bell boy

will

pick up

your

luggage

.

i.e., The stallion was

content

with the mare.

 The stallion was

happy

with the mare.

Slide14

Paraphrasing techniques

When you can’t find a synonym

Replace the original word with a definition**

i.e., The

stallion

was content with the

mare

.

 The

male horse

was happy with the

female horse.

** Use this only if you cannot

find

a better way to paraphrase.Slide15

Paraphrasing techniques

Change word forms

- Use an adverb instead of an adjective.

- Use a verb instead of a noun.

i.e., Terry is an

accurate typist

.

 Terry

types accurately

.Slide16

Paraphrasing techniques

The previous were individual techniques for paraphrasing.

You cannot simply change one aspect (i.e., one word) of a passage and call it a paraphrase. That would actually be plagiarism.Slide17

Paraphrasing techniques

For effective paraphrasing, you must combine these techniques.

i.e., After

he ate lunch

,

Moe took a nap

.



Moe slept a little

after

eating lunch

.

- Change to phrase, use synonym.Slide18

Paraphrasing techniques

For effective paraphrasing, you must combine these techniques.

i.e., The house

that is across the street is old

.

 The house

across the street

is old.

 The house

on the other side of the street

is old.

 The

dwelling

on the other side of the

road

is

ancient

.Slide19

Paraphrasing techniques – one more

Change transitions

i.e.,

Although it was raining

, Bob walked to work.

 It was raining,

but

Bob walked to work.

 It was raining

; however,

Bob walked to work.Slide20

Paraphrasing techniques – one more

Change transitions

i.e.,

Although it was raining

, Bob walked to work.

 It was raining,

but

Bob walked to work.

 It was raining

; however,

Bob walked to work.

(With changed word form):

Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.Slide21

Paraphrasing techniques - Practice

Today

, people are worried about internet security

.

Advocates

of internet tracking believe that it helps marketers to understand what people want

.

People

who oppose internet tracking believe that it is an invasion of privacy

.

This

information age will cause more and more people to become concerned with the level of personal detail that can be found from the internet

.



Try these. Sample paraphrases are on the next slide

.Slide22

Paraphrasing techniques - Practice

Today

, people are worried about internet security

.

Internet security is a concern these days.

Recently, internet security has become a concern.

Advocates

of internet tracking believe that it helps marketers to understand what people want

.

People who support internet tracking point to its usefulness in marketing.

Internet tracking supporters claim that

marketers can use it to understand consumers.

People

who oppose internet tracking believe that it is an invasion of privacy

.

- Internet tracking opponents claim it violates privacy.

- Internet tracking violates privacy, according to its detractors.

This

information age will cause more and more people to become concerned with the level of personal detail that can be found from the internet

.

- The amount of personal data available online will become an increasing concern as a result of the information age.Slide23

How to paraphrase

-

Read

the original passage carefully, several times.

- Decide the

main ideas

of the passage.

-

Highlight

important words or phrases.

- Put the main points in your

own words

.

- Check your version with the original to

m

ake sure:

1. the original’s meaning is preserved.

2. your version is sufficiently different from the original

Slide24

(

Oshima

& Hogue, 2006)Slide25

Compare the original and paraphrase

1. How many sentences are in the original.

How many in the paraphrase?

2. Analyze the differences in sentence structure and words between the original and paraphrase.

a. What is the first word of the first sentence in the original?

Where does this word appear in the first sentence of the

paraphrase?

b. What is the first word in the second sentence in the original?

What word replaces it in the second sentence of the paraphrase?

c. What words replace “have dreamed of” in the third sentence?

What word replaces “arguments in favor of” in the fourth sentence?

d. Which sentence in the original becomes two sentences in the paraphrase?Slide26

Compare the original and paraphrase

1. How many sentences are in the original.

How many in the paraphrase?

2. Analyze the differences in sentence structure and words between the original and paraphrase.

a. What is the first word of the first sentence in the original?

Where does this word appear in the first sentence of the

paraphrase?

b. What is the first word in the second sentence in the original?

What word replaces it in the second sentence of the paraphrase?

c. What words replace “have dreamed of” in the third sentence?

What word replaces “arguments in favor of” in the fourth sentence?

d. Which sentence in the original becomes two sentences in the paraphrase?

5

6

Language

at the end

But

however

have wished for

reasons

the last sentenceSlide27

Paraphrase Example

Original

:

Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress

academically (Thompson, 2009). Slide28

Paraphrase Example - Poor

Original

:

Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress

academically (Thompson, 2009).

Paraphrase

:

Differentiation is a

way

to

encourage

equality

between the

approach

and talent of the student

(Thompson, 2009).

This type of instruction gives

students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and for establishing

new learning to

move

on in

education

(Thompson, 2009). Slide29

Paraphrase Example - Improved

Original

:

Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress

academically (Thompson, 2009).

Paraphrase

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each student's skill (Thompson, 2009). Slide30

Practice

Passage:

In 1857, a British expedition led by Richard Burton and John Speke set out to find the great lakes shown on Ptolemy’s map. After reaching Lake Tanganyika, the two men split up because Burton was ill.Slide31

Example

Which one is the best?

Richard Burton and his friend looked for the great lakes shown on Ptolemy’s map. The men split up.

In 1857, Richard Burton and John Speke searched for the great lakes on Ptolemy’s map, but they had to split up when Burton was ill.

Two men from Britain looked for the great lakes but had to split up because one was ill.Slide32

Paraphrase: Important note

ALWAYS include a citation when you paraphrase.

- Just because you have changed the delivery of the idea

does not mean it is yours.

- Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

If I call it “Relativity Theory”, that

doesn’t make it mine.

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

Prof. Merritt’s Relativity Theory. Hmm…Slide33

Paraphrase: Important note

APA style does not require you to include page numbers for summaries and paraphrasing, but it is a useful courtesy for your reader.Slide34

Paraphrase

- “The purpose of paraphrasing is to be able to use it as supporting material in your writing,”

(

Oshima

& Hogue, 2006).

- Obviously, the same goes for quotations and summaries.Slide35
Slide36

Paraphrase Example 1

Passage from a Book:

Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place.Slide37

Good Paraphrase Example

HIGHLIGHTED PASSAGE

Ancient Egyptians

believed that

Osiris

, a good and wise

king

, was the

first pharaoh

. He

spread knowledge

to other parts of the world, while his

wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place

ORIGINAL PASSAGE

Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place.

PARAPHRASED

PASSAGE

King Osiris was the first pharaoh and spread knowledge. Queen Isis ruled Egypt when he was gone.Slide38

Bad Paraphrase Example

Original Passage

Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place

.

Highlighted Passage

Ancient Egyptians

believed that

Osiris

, a

good and wise king

, was the

first pharaoh

. He

spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place

.

Poor Paraphrasing

King Osiris was an ancient Egyptian King and the first pharaoh. He was good and wise because he spread knowledge to other parts of the world. His wife Isis ruled Egypt in his place.Slide39

Paraphrase Example 2

Passage from a Book:

Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother Set, who cut Osiris’s body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it.Slide40

Good Example

Original Passage

Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it.

Highlighted Passage

Upon returning home,

Osiris

was

murdered

by his evil

brother

,

Set

who

cut his body into pieces

and dumped it in the Nile River.

Isis

found the body and

put it back together

by winding linen bandages around it.

Paraphrased Passage

Osiris’s brother Set killed Osiris by cutting his body into pieces, and Isis put the body back together.Slide41

Bad Example

Original Passage

Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it.

Highlighted Passage

Upon returning home,

Osiris

was

murdered

by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River.

Isis found the body

and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it.

Poor Paraphrasing

Osiris was murdered and Isis found the body