of Blind ness Worldwide Carmen Leyva Vicki Herrin Hampton Huddleston Global causes of blindness as a percentage of total blindness in 2002 C atarac ts A cataract is a clouding of the eyes natural lens which lies behind the iris and the pupil The lens works much like a camera lens ID: 175032
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Slide1
Causes
of Blindness Worldwide
Carmen
Leyva
Vicki Herrin
Hampton HuddlestonSlide2
Global causes of blindness as a percentage of total
blindness in 2002Slide3
C
atarac
ts
A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which lies behind the iris and the pupil. The lens works much like a camera lens, focusing light onto the retina at the back of the eye. The lens also adjusts the eye's focus, letting us see things
clearly
both up close and far away.
The lens is mostl
y made of w
ater
and protein. The protei
n is arrang
ed
in a precise way that keeps the
lens clear
and lets light pass through it
.
Three Types
:
Subcapsular
cataract
Nuclear cataract
Cortical cataractSlide4
impactlab.com
eyesurgeonspc.com
rameshshahmd.com
normal_eye.jpg
kid with cataract.jpgSlide5
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htm
An intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted in the eye in place of the clouded natural lens. Slide6
In India alone,
there is a backlog of 9.3 million people waiting for cataract surgery.http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/cata%20djib%2096.JPGSlide7Slide8
Gl
aucom
a
Glaucoma refers to a category of eye disorders often associated with a dangerous buildup of internal eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP), which can damage the eye's optic nerve that transmits visual information to the brain.
With untreated or
uncontroll
ed glaucoma, you might eventually
notice decrea
sed
ability to see at the edges of your vision (peripheral vision). Progressive eye damage could then lead to blindness.Glaucoma creates at least some vision loss in more than half of the approximately 2.5 million Americans estimated to have the eye disease and is the second leading cause of blindness.Slide9
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blogs.monografias.com
steadyhealth.comSlide10
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm
In ophthalmology,
tonometry
is the procedure
eyecare
professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eye.
Tonometers
are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).Slide11Slide12
Macular
Degen
eration
Macular Degeneration is the progressive deterioration of the macula, the light-sensitive cells of the central retina, at the back of the eye.
As the macular cells malfunction and die, central vision becomes gray, distorted and is eventually lost. Peripheral vision
does not b
ecome
affected.The macula contains the highest concentration of photosensitive cellsFine detail vision and critical color vision are located in the macula.The macula depends on nutrient diffusion from the choroid layer. Anything that interferes with this nutrient supply can lead to MDSlide13
Macular Degeneration
Most Common
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
(AMD)
It typically affect
s people
age 50+
It is the 3
rd
cause of blindness in the world accounting for 9% of all blindnessNumber of individuals affected is expected to double by the year 2020 as a result of ageingSlide14
Macular Degeneration
Causes of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Aging
Obesity and Inactivity
Heredity
High Blood Pressu
re
(Hype
rtension)SmokingLighter Eye ColorDrug Side EffectsMacular Degeneration DiagnosedAlthough vision loss is irreversible, early detection of MD may slow the progression of dry to wet AMDSlide15
Macular Degeneration
Tests used:
Eye Exam
Amsler
Grid Test
Fluorescein
Angiography Indocyanine Green Angiography (IGCA)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Genetic TestingTreatment For Age-Related Macular Degeneration Anti-angiogenic Therapy (injectable drug treatment Photocoagulation (laser surgery) Photodynamic Therapy (injectable drug treatment) Submacular Hemorrhage Displacement SurgerySlide16
Cystoid
Macular Degeneration
Retinal Pigment Epithelial detachment
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
myvisiontest.com
mvretina.com
oph.ucsd.edu
clevelandsightcenter.org
medicineworld.orgSlide17Slide18
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and it is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina
In some pe
ople with
diabetic retinopathy,
blood ve
ssels
may swell and leak fluid
In other people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina Slide19
Diabetic Retinopathy
Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
Mild
Nonproliferative
Retinopathy
Moderate
Nonproliferative
Retinopathy
Severe
Nonproliferative RetinopathyProliferative RetinopathyCauses of Diabetic RetinopathyProliferative Retinopathy, the most advanced state of the disease
Macular Edema, where fluid can leak into the center of the macula, causing swellingSlide20
Diabetic Retinopathy
How is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated
No treatment is needed during first 3 stages unless there is macular edema. Important to control levels
of blood
sugar, blood pressur
e, and bl
ood
cholesterol to
prevent progressionIf Needed:Laser SurgeryInjection of Triamcinolone into the eyeVitrectomySlide21
Diabetic Retinopathy
It is the 4
th
cause of blindness in the world accounting for 5% of all blindness (1.8 million persons)
At least 171 million people worldwide have diabetes and this number is lik
ely to incr
ease
more than double by 2030 to 366 million
After 15 years about 2% of persons with diabetes will become blind and 10% will develop severe visual lossAfter 20 years more than 75% will have some form of diabetic retinopathySlide22
stlukesretina.com
janineonadime.blogspot.com
wolfeeyeclinic.com
otm1.com
dambrosio-eye-care-boston.comSlide23Slide24
Global
estimate
of
visual
Impairment
, by WHO
region
, 2002
Population of African Region: 672.238 million No. Of Blind People: 6.782 million No. With low vision: 19.996 million No. With visual Impairment: 26.778 millionPopulation of the Americas: 852.551 million No. Of Blind People: 2.419 million No. With low vision: 13.116 million No. With visual Impairment: 15.535 millionPopulation of the Eastern Med. Region: 1717.536 million
No. Of Blind People: 9.312 million No. With low vision: 32.481 million No. With visual Impairment: 41.793 million Slide25
Global estimate of visual Impairment, by WHO region
, 2002Population of European Region: 877.886 million No. Of Blind People: 2.732 million
No.
With
low
vision: 12.789 million No. With visual Impairment
: 15.521 million
Population of Souteast Asia Region: 1590.832 million
No. Of Blind People: 11.587 million No. With low vision: 33.496 million No. With visual Impairment: 45.083 millionPopulation of the Western Pacific Region: 502.823 million No. Of Blind People: 4.026 million No. With low vision: 12.444 million No. With visual Impairment: 16.469 million Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002
Serge Resnikoff,1 Donatella Pascolini,2 Daniel Etya’ale,3 Ivo Kocur,3 Ramachandra Pararajasegaram,4Gopal P. Pokharel,3 & Silvio P. Mariotti3Slide26
References
Macular Degeneration (
n.d
.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.answers.com/topic/macular- degeneration
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (
n.d
.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htmMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.aspWhat is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION202010 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/index.htmlMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.answers.com/topic/macular-degenerationAge-Related Macular Degeneration (
n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htmSlide27
References
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjaYUxZ9rSU&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k660bCERJXk&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZoVXG-3Ke4&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_FhSo5vNB4&feature=player_embedded
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htm
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm
Macular Degeneration (
n.d
.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.aspWhat is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 fromhttp://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION202010 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/index.htmlSlide28
References
AMD is the commonest cause of blindness in industrialized countries
http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBAGERELMUSCDEG
Diabetic retinopathy is responsible for 4.8% of the 37 million cases of blindness due to eye diseases
http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBDIEBETIC