Chapter 17: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Soci - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 17: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social ChangeSlide2

Objectives (slide 1 of 2)

17.1 Collective Behavior

Define collective behavior and explain its challenges to sociologists.

Compare and contrast types of collectivity.

Examine examples of mass behavior.

17.2 Social Movements

Illustrate the various types of social movements.

17.3 Stages of Social Movements

Describe the stages of a social movement.Slide3

Objectives (slide 2 of 2)

17.4

Social Movements in the United States

Analyze key social movements in the United States.

17.5

Theories of Social Movements

Explain the main theories of social movements.

17.6 Social Change

Illustrate theories of social change.Slide4

Collective Behavior

Collective behavior

: Behaviors involving a large number of individuals that are usually unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes even dangerous

Collectivity

: A large number of individuals whose minimal interaction occurs without the benefit of conventional norms

Localized collectivities emerge among people who share close physical proximity.

Dispersed collectivities involve people who influence one another even though they are spread over a large area.Slide5

How Collectivities Differ from Social Groups

Collectivities

Members have only minimal interaction other individuals in the collectivity.

No clear social boundaries.

Characterized by the emergence

of weak and often unconventional social norms that are insufficient to regulate the actions of individuals.

Social Groups

Individual members have considerable interaction with

one another.

Members

share a sense of identity.

Characterized by strong norms and have the goal of regulating the behavior of members of the group.Slide6

Localized Collectivities

Crowd

: A temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another

Types of crowds:

Casual

Conventional

Expressive

Acting

ProtestSlide7

Riots

and

Mobs

Mob

: A highly emotional crowd that pursues a destructive or violent goal

Riot

: An eruption of social activity that is highly emotional, undirected, and violentSlide8

Theories of Crowd Behavior

Contagion theory argues that crowds have a hypnotic effect on their members, causing people to act in ways they would not ordinarily act.

Convergence theories argue that crowd behavior comes from like-minded individuals.

Emergent norm theory states that it is possible to observe patterns that help predict the behaviors of individuals within the collective.Slide9

Dispersed Collectivities: Rumors

Rumors

: Unconfirmed information that people spread, often by word-of-mouth

Characteristics of rumors:

They occur in situations in which there are large degrees of uncertainty and in which facts are difficult to authenticate.

They are unstable and change frequently.

They are difficult to stop.

Gossip

: Rumors about the personal affairs of a personSlide10

Propaganda and Public Opinion

Public opinion

: Widespread attitudes or beliefs about a particular issue

Propaganda

: Information that is given with the intention of influencing public opinion through:

Facts or evidence

Emotions

AuthoritySlide11

Fads and Fashions

Fashion

: A social pattern that is adopted or followed by a large number of people

Conspicuous consumption

: Spending money on things that advertise status and prestige

Fad

: A unique or unconventional social pattern that is adopted briefly and enthusiastically by members of a social group or societySlide12

Other Collective Behaviors

Panic and Mass Hysteria

Panic

: A form of collective behavior in which people react to a perceived threat in a frantic and irrational way

Moral panic (mass hysteria)

: A form of dispersed collective behavior in which people react to a perceived threatening event with an irrational fear

Disasters

Disaster

: An event that causes extensive harm to people and property

Types of disasters:

Natural disastersTechnological disastersIntentional disastersSlide13

Social Movements

Social movement

: Any organized activity that encourages or discourages social change

The cultural variety that accompanies industrial and postindustrial societies makes social conflict more likely.Slide14

Types of Social Movements

Alternative social movement

: A social movement that seeks to change only very limited aspects of society

Redemptive social movement

: A social movement that seeks radical change for a specific, targeted group of people

Reformative social movement

: A social movement that targets a broad group of people but whose changes are limited in scope

Revolutionary social movement

: A social movement that seeks radical change of an entire society

Progressive movements promote new social patternsReactionary movements oppose movements that seek changeSlide15

Why Do People Join Social Movements?

Sociologists have identified four main reasons people join social movements:

Personal advantage

Principled commitment

Sense of self-identity

Desire to be part of a group

Claims making

: The process of trying to convince people that the cause of a social movement is importantSlide16

Stages of Social Movements

Emergence

: The tendency for social movements to form to address a perceived social problem

Coalescence

: A stage of social movements in which the social movement begins to mobilize resources to achieve its goal

Bureaucratization

: The tendency for a social movement to adopt the characteristics of a bureaucratic organization to achieve its goals

Decline

:

The tendency for all social movements to fade in power and significanceSlide17

The American Civil Rights Movement

The American civil rights movement:

Fought to end racial discrimination through litigation, education, and lobbying efforts

Was centered around peaceful, but forceful, motivationSlide18

The Women’s Movement

The women’s movement:

A series of movements occurring over many years that have been committed to achieving equal rights for women.

Three phases:

Phase 1: Concerned with the basic rights of women.

Phase 2: Focused on issues of sexuality, family, and the workplace.

Phase 3: Evolved to criticize social definitions of what it means to be a woman.Slide19

The Environmental Movement

The Environmental movement has had two main goals:

Conservation

The creation of social policies that will lead to environmental sustainabilitySlide20

The Gay Rights Movement

The gay rights movement:

The goal of achieving acceptance and equal rights for people of all sexual orientations and sexualities

Works through the media and the legal

systemSlide21

The Occupy Wall Street Movement

The Occupy Wall Street movement:

Attempted to raise awareness of growing income inequality and corporate influence

Relied on consensus-based decisions made in large assemblies

Did not have clear-cut goalsSlide22

The Tea Party Movement

The Tea Party movement:

Arose in protest of increasing government intervention in the lives of citizens

Articulated a clear set of demands from its inception

Has remained politically relevant at state and local levelsSlide23

Mass Society Theory

Mass society theory

: A theory that suggests that people join social movements because it gives them a sense of belonging to something larger than themselvesSlide24

Deprivation Theory

Deprivation theory: A theory that states people join social movements because they feel deprived in some way

Relative deprivation

: The feeling of dissatisfaction upon realizing that while conditions are improving, they are improving more for other people than for youSlide25

Resource Mobilization Theory

Resource mobilization theory

:

A theory that suggests that for a social movement to be successful, it has to accumulate and mobilize substantial resources

Political process theory

: A theory of social movements that emphasizes the role of the political structure and public opinion in the outcomes of social movementsSlide26

Culture Theory

Culture theory

: A theory that argues that cultural symbols are important for the development of a social movementSlide27

New Social Movement Theory

New social movement theory

: A theory that suggests that social movements in postindustrial societies are substantially different from social movements that occurred in industrial societiesSlide28

Marxist Theory

Marxist theory

: A theory of social movements that suggests that societies change through a dialectical

processSlide29

Categories of Social Change: Natural Cycles

Natural cycle theories attempt to explain the rise and fall of entire civilizations.

Every civilization faces challenges.

Groups within a society develop solutions that often conflict with the ruling class.

The ruling elite eventually turns to force to keep the masses under control.

The resultant fracturing of society leads to the inevitable decline of the empire.Slide30

Evolutionary Theories

Evolutionary theories suggest that societies develop from lower forms to higher forms.

All societies go through phases of cultural progress.

As they develop, cultures become more complex.Slide31

Conflict Over Power

Conflict-over-power approaches are based in the dialectic of Karl Marx.

Antitheses are conflicts over who gains or maintains power in society.

Between societies, conflicts over power often occur in violent clashes or as indirect competition.Slide32

Technology

Technology changes society through three main processes:

Invention: The combining of existing materials to form new ones

Discovery: A new way of seeing reality

Diffusion: The spread of discovery or invention from one area to another