English 3—Spring Review 2018 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

English 3—Spring Review 2018

Take out your notebooks and something to write with!

Today: 16

th

& 17

th

Centuries

Volume B

Tuesday: The Restoration & 18

th

Century

Volume C

Wednesday: The Romantic Period

Volume D

Thursday: The Victorian Age

Volume E

Friday:

Themes, characters, overarching questionsSlide2

Renaissance

Spread from Italy throughout Europe and the British Isles

Its origins in Petrarch (1304-1374), Medici (1449-1492)—who encouraged Michelangelo and da VinciSlide3

Renaissance in England

Slow to progress because the English language was in a state of

flux

There was no standard spellingIn 1454 the invention of the printing press

changed the way in which information and ideas spreadSlide4

Important Developments

1530—grammar schools taught Latin, the universal language of the

day

Queen Elizabeth

(1558-1603) took a great interest in

cultural

development

1588—the defeat of the Spanish Armada was widely

interpreted as an act of divine intervention, a sign that England was now a world powerLate 1570s—Phillip Sidney and Edmund SpenserSlide5

Sidney and Spenser

P

oetry

no longer reflects heavenly beauty or echoes cosmic harmony—it isn't rhyming and versing that make a poet, Sidney said. Instead, literature becomes

a

depictive art

, a narrative with semantic content.

The new poetry created

"speaking pictures“, and it acquired this ability to address simultaneously both ear and eye by virtue of its medium. Language allows poetry to display aural and visual properties, relating it to music on the one hand and with painting on the

other.Slide6

Petrarchan

Sonnet

14 lines—

first part = octave

,

second part = sestet

Octave pattern

abbaabba

Sestet pattern cdecde or cdcdcdPurpose of octave—to introduce a problem, express desire, present a situationPurpose of the sestet—make a comment on the problem and apply a solution to itBeginning of the sestet is called the

volta—pronounced change in toneHow many lines in the octave? Sestet?Slide7

Sir Thomas Wyatt

1503-1542

Master of the game of poetic self-display

Betrayal/bitterness

Introduced sonnet with

iambic pentameter

and complex, intertwining rhyme scheme

Petrarchan octave—sestet scheme of

cddc eeFor the lover in Wyatt’s poems, love is transient and embittering Blend of passion, cynicism, anger, longingWyatt never published a collection of his own poems during his lifetimeSlide8

Iambic

Pent

a

meter

But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? 

It

is the east, and Juliet is the sun

.

(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)Slide9

Practice Sonnet Interpretation!

Step 1: read the poem silently

Step 2: label the octave, sestet, and

volta*Read the poem aloud (together) here

Step 3: Translate each line

Step 4:

Identify the overarching problem in the octave

Step 4: Identify the solution presented in the sestet

Step 5: Identify/explain the shift in tone in the voltaStep 6: label the rhyme schemeSlide10

Edmund Spenser (1522-1599)

Uncharacteristic of English authors (up to this point)

Born to a middle-class family, and worked his way through the “

sizar

” class of education at Cambridge—scholar with limited means, does chores for room/board

One of the first poets to

deliberately plan his career

: no aspiration to politics or the Church, unlike previous English poets

Puritan Protestant

Worked his way through school by translating anti-Catholic propagandaWorked as an aide to many powerful men, who connect him to wealthy and prominent poets like Sidney and DyerServed as secretary to Lord Grey, the lord deputy of Ireland; participation in suppressing Irish nationalism earned him 3,028 acres and an estateInterested in ”the reformation of the English verse,” wanted to place it on-par with Greek literature

“The Poet’s Poet”: the most innovative poet of the Renaissance, and perhaps all of English history: adapted the Italian

canzone

, wrote a poem with thirteen meters, invented the Spenserian sonnet and the Spenserian stanza

I

nfluenced Shakespeare, Shelley, Byron, Keats, and Tennyson, among othersSlide11

Spenser

Close friends with poet Sir Walter Raleigh, who helped him publish

The Faerie

Queene, his epic dedicated to Elizabeth I

Poem

intended to glorify the English culture

in the same way that classical epics glorified empires

Hoped to gain patronage of the Crown; awarded fifty pounds a year, for life

Buried near his hero, Chaucer, in the Poet’s Corner at Westminster AbbeyPerfectly reflects the artistic and cultural “tensions” of the early Renaissance (768)Slide12

Edmund Spenser (1522-1599)

Spenserian Sonnet-

3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter, rhyme scheme

= abab

bcbc

Quatrain-stanza with 4 lines

Couplet-2 lines of verse usually in the same meter, joined by rhyme

Spenserian Stanza-8 iambic pentameters and an alexandrine, rhyme scheme

ababbcbccAlexandrine a line of verse having six iambic feetSlide13

Spenser—Sonnet 34

Lyke

as a ship that through the Ocean

wyde

by conduct of some star doth make her way,

whenas

a

storme hath dimd her trusty guyde, out of her course doth wander far astray:So I whose star, that wont with her bright ray

me to direct, with cloudes is overcast, doe wander now in darknesse and dismay, through hidden perils round about me plast.Yet

hope I well, that when this

storme

is past

my

Helice

the lodestar of my

lyfe

will shine again, and

looke

on me at last,

with lovely light to

cleare

my cloudy grief.

Till

then I wander

carefull

comfortlesse

,

in secret

sorow

and sad

pensivenesse

.Slide14

Rhyme Scheme Comparison

What does this chart tell us about sonnet writing? Slide15

Humanism

Humanism, 1400-1650

Stark contrast to medieval scholasticism; re-adoption of classical Italian and Latin letters and

ideas

R

ediscovery

of Greek and Roman culture and

thought

Philosophy of secularismAppreciation of worldly pleasuresNatural byproduct of expanding trade routes and growth of luxury goods

Assertion of personal independence and expression“The Renaissance Man lived between two worlds”:Suspended between medieval Christian supernaturalism and modern scientific/critical attitude: no longer a uniform interpretation of significant events, but no tools/basis for scientific understandingFaith and ReasonInterest in the mystical, but also in the “cult of humanity” and aestheticsSlide16

Recapping the Renaissance

Edmund Spenser's 

Faerie

Queen (1596) draws on romantic and epic conventions, exemplifying some of the traits of Elizabethan heroic poetry.

William

Shakespeare's comedy 

Twelfth Night

(1601) explores the emotional territory of same-sex desire and cross-class marriage to which English culture was officially hostile in the sixteenth century. During the Restoration, comedy dominated the London stage, often exploring the roles of power, sex, and money. Slide17

Elizabethan Pastoral Poetry

Elizabethan pastoral poetry is characterized by its focus on the simplicity, humility, and leisure of country life. Marlowe's P

assionate Shepherd to his

Love (1593) and

Sir Walter

Ralegh's

The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd

 (1596) are apt examples of Elizabethan pastoral poetics.Slide18

Christopher Marlowe

1564-1593

Launched the period of Elizabethan drama with “Marlowe’s mighty line”

First theatrical success at age 23—died when he was 29

Accused of atheism, sedition, and homosexuality

4 days later, killed by a dagger thrust, those in connection with his murder were arrested and quietly released

On the surface, Marlowe’s work appears religiously and socially conventional, yet there is a force at work which undermines conventional moralitySlide19

To

whom is the shepherd speaking? How do you know?

What does he promise? Why?

What types of imagery are used (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic and organic)? Provide evidence.

How does Marlowe’s Shepherd appeal to the senses?

How else does his persuasion work (ethos, pathos, logos)?

Discuss the concepts of

carpe diem (give little thought to the future), tempus fugit (time flies), and pastoral conventions (rural life perpetuated fantasies and misconceptions about the rural lifestyle). There are many literary devices employed in this poem—select one and provide an example from the poem.

Marlowe's The Passionate Shepherd to his Love (p. 1126)Slide20

Herrick-- To the Virgins to Make Much of Time”

Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,

Old Time is still a-flying;

And this same flower that smiles today

Tomorrow will be dying.

The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,

The higher he’s a-getting,

The sooner will his race be run,

And nearer he’s to setting.That age is best which is the first, When youth and blood are warmer;But being spent, the worse, and worst Times still succeed the former. Then be not coy, but use your time,

And while ye may, go marry;For having lost but once your prime, You may forever tarry.Slide21

Shakespeare

Plays

& Sonnets

37 plays, 154 sonnets (that we know of – no original manuscripts exist)

17 comedies

10 histories

10 tragedies

Modeled much of his work on that of his (initially) more successful contemporary, Christopher Marlowe

Eighteen plays originally preserved as “quartos,” or pamphlets, printed copies made during his lifetime (beginning 1594)1623: The First Folio published, a collection of 36 of Shakespeare’s plays compiled by his friends and acting companyIncludes the first known portrait of Shakespeare, engraved posthumously.Slide22

Style

Sonnets

Each of the 154 sonnets is written in

iambic pentameter

, a rhyme scheme in which each line contains ten syllables.

Most sonnets have fourteen lines

; only three do not (Sonnets 99, 126, and 145)

Each syllable is divided into five pairs =

pentameter (meter of five)One iamb = one stressed, followed by one unstressed, syllable (good BYE)ba BOOM / ba

BOOM / ba BOOM / ba BOOM / ba BOOMSonnet 18: Shall I / com PARE / thee

TO

/ a

SUM

/

mer’s

DAY

?

Thou

ART

/ more

LOVE / ly

AND

/ more

TEM

/per

ATE

.

Plays

Also written in

iambic pentameter

, BUT:

The lines are

unrhymed

and do not group into stanzas =

blank verse

Many plays also contain prose passages (vulgar characters or lengthy speeches)

Some plays contain

trochaic tetrameter

(the Witches’ speech in

Macbeth

)Slide23

Twelfth NightSlide24

Twelfth Night

Twelfth

Night or What You Will

is an interesting

blend of the sadness of separation

between brother and sister,

romance

as each of them falls in love, comedy filled with mostly gentle sarcasm and irony, and a bang-up happy ending for the brother and sister. In between there is the intriguing

complexity of mistaken identities, plots to fool foolish characters, and a couple of pompous characters who get what they deserve.Twelfth Night was the end of the Christmas holidays in England during Shakespeare’s time. The last day of the holidays was known also as a separate festival of its own, called Epiphany, which

means “to appear.”

Epiphany

also was a time of great festivity, with

the emphasis

on the fun and confusion when the normal order of things is turned

upside down

. So, many directors come to the conclusion that the play is probably set in

the wintertime

, at the end of series of holidays, just before normal day-to-day life

must resume

.Slide25

English 3Spring 2018 Review—Day 2: The Restoration and 18

th

Century

Please take out your notes & study guide. Put away your ipads

!

“Satire is a sort of glass wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own; which is the chief reason for that kind reception it meets with in the world, and that so very few are offended with it

.”—Jonathan SwiftSlide26

The Restoration period begins in 1660, the year in which King Charles II (the exiled Stuart king) was restored to the English throne.

England, Scotland, and Wales were united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.

The period is one of increasing commercial prosperity and global trade for Britain.

Literacy expanded to include the middle classes and even some of the poor.Emerging social ideas included politeness―a behavioral standard to which anyone might aspire―and new rhetoric of liberty and rights, sentiment and sympathy.

The Restoration & 18

th

centurySlide27

1740-1785

Novelists became better known than poets, and intellectual prose forms such as the essay proliferated.

By

the 1740s the novel rose to dominate the literary marketplace, with writers like Henry Fielding, Samuel Richardson, and Laurence Sterne defining the form and its modes of representing the private lives of individuals.

The late eighteenth century saw a medieval revival, in which writers venerated and imitated archaic language and forms. One important development of this movement was the Gothic novel, which typically features such forbidden themes as incest, murder, necrophilia, atheism, and sexual desire.

Late eighteenth-century poetry tends to emphasize melancholy, isolation, and reflection, in distinction to the intensely social, often satirical verse of earlier in the period.

The Restoration and 18

th

CenturySlide28

Parody - a form of 

satire

 that imitates the characteristic style of a particular writer, musician, artist, speaker or genre using deliberate exaggeration for a comic effect

.Satire - the use of humor, ridicule, irony or exaggeration to make fun of or expose and criticize a person's vices or lack of intelligence.

Parody & SatireSlide29

T

he satirist

makes us confront the evils that we commit.  As people, we tend to take for granted that our convictions are most often in the right, and the satirist stands against that notion to ensure that at least someone knows that we are not always acting in an appropriate way.  

Examples:

Jonathan Swift’s “A Model Proposal,” or Mark Twain’s “Huck Finn.”  These two works

unrepentantly illuminate the ills of their respective societies

.    It is the honesty and humanism of satire that make it so valuable, in that it

forces the reader/viewer to reflect upon his own shortcomings.From

https://thestormypresentsociety.wordpress.com/2008/04/18/the-importance-of-satire/ Relevance continued…Slide30

Historical Context

Hunger, poverty, overcrowded conditions

Fear of losing job

Long hours, low wages

Limited opportunities for trade

Restrictions placed on Ireland by England Slide31

By the time “A Modest Proposal” was published in 1729, Ireland had been under English rule for over 500 years.

Extant

poverty was exacerbated by trade restrictions imposed by England. Ireland was a desperately poor and dangerously overpopulated country, kept poor and weak by English rule.

Swift

was a member of the Anglo-Irish ruling class and therefore had allegiances to both England and Ireland. In the 1720s, Swift became politically involved in Irish causes, specifically England’s exploitation of Ireland and religious suppression.

“

A Modest Proposal” was written in response to worsening economic conditions in Ireland and Swift’s perception of the passivity of the Irish people. 

Historical ContextSlide32

SufferingSociety and class

Politics

Morality and ethics

PowerOthernessGreedReligion

Themes of A Modest ProposalSlide33

I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl before twelve years old, is no

saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above

three pounds

, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account

either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having

been

at least four times that value.

I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be

liable to the least objection. I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it

will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragout.I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration…Excerpt from A Modest Proposal