Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - PowerPoint Presentation

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Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologySlide2

Syllabus

Course design

Blackboard

Grading schemeClass rules and policies

New edition of textbook came out this fall!

(2

nd

Edition)

Old edition

is okay to use

Lab Manual

(MUST PURCHASE)Slide3

Chapter 1

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Sections Covered

1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared

1.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated1.3 The Body’s Levels of Organization

1.4 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology1.5 Homeostasis

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The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy



studies form and structure of the body. Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

Physiology  examines how the body functions.

Physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances. Structure and function are inseparable

! Together, they provide the basis for understanding health and human performance.

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Anatomy and Physiology Compared—

Anatomy: Details of Form

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye

Specimens examined under microscopeHas two main divisions:cytology, the study of body cells and their internal structure

histology, the study of tissues

Cross Section of Bone Tissue

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Anatomy and Physiology Compared—

Anatomy: Details of Form

Gross anatomy

, or

macroscopic anatomyInvestigates structures visible to the unaided eye

Specimens dissected for examinationMay be approached in several ways:systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system regional anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body

surface anatomy focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structurescomparative anatomy examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different speciesembryology

studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Whole Bone (

Humerus)

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Anatomy and Physiology Compared—

Anatomy: Details of Form

Specialized branches of anatomy

Pathologic anatomy

examines anatomic changes resulting from diseaseconsiders anatomic and microscopic changesRadiographic anatomy

investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

*Anatomy is a dynamic, changing science!

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Anatomy and Physiology Compared—Physiology: Details of Function

Physiologists

- focus on the molecular or cellular level

Subdisciplines focus on a particular body system

Cardiovascular physiology The functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Neurophysiology The functioning of nerves and nervous system organsRespiratory physiologyThe functioning of respiratory organs

Reproductive physiologyThe functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cyclePathophysiologyThe relationship between the function of an organ system & disease/injury to the system

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Anatomy and Physiology Integrated

Form (anatomy) and function (physiology) are

interrelated

.

E.g., the small sacs in the lungs called alveoli have a structure (large surface area) that matches their function (gas exchange)

Integrating the disciplines is the easiest way to learn about bothBoth disciplines must use information from the other field

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http://ncbionetwork.org/educational-resources/interactive-elearning-tools/lab-safetySlide13
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The Body

’

s Levels of Organization:

The View from Simplest to Most ComplexFrom simplest to most complex:

chemical level cellular level tissue level

organ level organ system level organismal level

Simple

Complex

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Levels of Organization (Hierarchy)

1.Chemical

Basis for life

More than 100 different atoms (chemical building blocks of nature) Atoms

 molecules  (macromolecules )

Cytoplasm – essential material of human life 2.Organelle A structure made of molecules organized so that it can perform a certain function Can not survive outside the cell

“tiny organs” that allow each cell to live 3.Cellular Cells – smallest and most numerous structural units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter 150 lb

adult - 1 x 1014 cells (100 trillion) Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles Cells specialize/differentiate to perform unique functions Slide16

4.Tissue

a. Group

of similar cells that develop together from the same part of the embryo b. Specialized to perform certain functions

c. Surrounded by varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substances, or matrix

d. Four major tissues 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous

5.Organ Structure made up of several different kinds of tissues to perform a certain function b. Each one has unique shape, size, appearance, and placement in the body c. Identified by tissue pattern that forms it

6.Organ System Most complex organizational unit of the body b. Involves varying numbers and kinds of organs to perform complex functions c. 11 major systems (integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive)

7.Organism a. Interactive structures able to survive in hostile environments b. Permit homeostasis Atoms  molecules

 macromolecules organelles

cells  tissues 

organs



organ systems



organism Slide17

Levels of Organization

ATOM – least complex; smallest particle of an element; combines to form…

MOLECULES

(O2 and CO2) and MACROMOLECULES (carbs, lipids, proteins)- combine with one another to form…ORGANELLES

– (cell membrane, nucleus); small organs of a cell each with a particular function; collectively compose…CELLS – the basic unit of structure and function of living things!!! Similar cells combine to form…Slide18

TISSUES – (epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous); two or more tissues combine to form …

ORGANS – (skin, heart, brain); two or more organs combine to form…

ORGAN SYSTEM – (integumentary, cardiovascular); the 11 organ systems collectively form the…

HUMAN ORGANISM – the most complex levelSlide19
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Questions

1. What is the simplest level of organization?

2. What level is composed of a group of cells working together to perform a particular function?

3. What level of organization contains the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli?Slide24
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The Body

’

s Levels of Organization: Characteristics that Describe Living Things

Properties common to all organisms

:All exhibit complex

organization and orderAll engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

composed of anabolism and catabolismAnabolism - small molecules joined to form larger onesCatabolism - large molecules broken down into smaller ones

All grow and developassimilate materials from the environment

often increase in sizeincrease in specialization

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Properties common to all organisms

(

continued

)

All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to

stimulie.g., a hot stimulus to the hands causes person to withdrawAll exhibit regulationadjust internal bodily function to environment changes

Homeostasis, the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or “steady state”All reproduce

produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repairwith sex cells, can develop into new organisms

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Homeostasis

A relatively constant state maintained in the body

Ability of the body to maintain its internal environment (cellular) as the external environment constantly changes

Internal environment = body temp, pH, glucose levelExternal environment = weather, fluid surrounding cellsEvery regulatory mechanism of the body exists to maintain homeostasis of the body’s internal fluid environmentSlide29

homeostasis

Set point or normal reading range

80 – 100mg glucose /mL blood

370C (98.7 F) normal body temperatureRegulatory mechanisms control homeostasisSlide30
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Questions

1. What is homeostasis?

2. What 2 body systems are the main controllers of homeostasis?Slide32

Homeostatic control mechanisms

Feedback loop – highly complex and integrated communication control system in order to accomplish self-regulation

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Basic Components to Loop1. sensor mechanism – nerve cell2. control center – hypothalamus3. effector mechanism – muscle or glandAfferent vs Efferent

Afferent = toward control center Efferent = away from control centerSlide33
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Feedback mechanisms

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

InhibitorMost common feedbackShut off or reduce the intensity of the original stimulusStabilize physiological variables

Maintain homeostasisEx. Body temp, glucose levels, pH levelsStimulatory Not very common feedbackAmplifies/reinforces change (which can be harmful)

Causes instability Disrupts homeostasisEx. Birth of baby, blood clottingSlide38

question

1. What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

2. Which type of feedback is most common?

3. Name an example of negative feedback.4. Name an example of positive feedback.Slide39

Anatomical position

Initial reference point for describing the directional terms of the body

Erect; face, hands, and feet forward (hands are in the supinated position)Slide40

Other body position terms

Ipsilateral

= same

sideContralateral = opposite sideProne = lying face downSupine = lying flat on backSlide41

Organization of the body

Axial – head and trunk

Appendicular –

appendages (arms and legs)Slide42

Body cavities

Posterior/Dorsal

Cranial

SpinalAnterior/VentralThoracicMediastinumPericardialPleuralAbdominopelvicAbdominal PelvicSlide43
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questions

1. What 2 cavities make up the ventral body cavity?

2. What 2 cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?

3. What cavity are the lungs found in?4. What cavity is the bladder found in?5. What cavity is the liver found in?Slide47

Body cavitY

LININGS

Body cavities are lined with a double serous membrane. Fluid fills space between 2 membranes

Parietal = outer membrane that lines the wall of the cavityVisceral = inner membrane that covers the organs within the cavitySlide48

Serous membranes

Mediastinum/Heart

Thoracic/Lung

Abdominopelvic

Outer

Parietal pericardiumParietal pleuraParietal peritoneum

InnerVisceral pericardium

Visceral pleuraVisceral peritoneumSlide49
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Directional terms

Superior – toward head

Inferior – toward feet

Anterior – frontPosterior – rearVentral – bellyDorsal – backMedial – toward midlineLateral – away from midlineProximal – toward trunkDistal – away from trunk

Cephalad (cranial)-headCaudal –towards bottom of body/tail endSuperficial – nearest the surfaceDeep – farther from surfaceSlide51
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Body planes

Divides body into sections

Sagittal – divides into left and right sides

Midsagittal – divides into equal left and right sidesCoronal – divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back)Transverse – divides body into upper and lowerSlide53

Body planesSlide54

Sagittal cut of brain

Coronal cut of brainSlide55

transverse cut of body and brainSlide56

Abdominopelvic quadrantsSlide57

Quadrant organsSlide58
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Abdominopelvic regionsSlide60
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Abdominopelvic regions-

superficial

organs1. Right Hypochondriac – right lobe of liver, gall bladder2. Epigastric – right and left lobes of liver, stomach3. Left hypochondriac – stomach and LI4. Right lumbar- large and small intestine

5. Umbilical – transverse colon and SI6. Left lumbar – SI and colon7. Right iliac – cecum and SI8. Hypogastric – SI, bladder, appendix9.Left iliac – colon, SI