Unit 6 Station Design amp Access Three Main Considerations Station Types and Configuration Structure based on transit type Vehicle Circulation Number and movement of buses Passenger Circulation ID: 756440
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Slide1
Stop/ Station Design & Access
Unit 6: Station Design & Access Slide2
Three Main Considerations
Station Types and Configuration
Structure based on transit typeVehicle Circulation
Number and movement of buses
Passenger Circulation
Number and movement of ridersSlide3
Station types and configurationsSlide4
Bus Stops
Located along streets
Consist ofWaiting area on public sidewalkSignage to mark stop
Lighting
Sometimes amenitiesSlide5
ADA Compliant Bus Stop Pad
Firm, stable surface
Clear dimension of 96 by 60 in. No steeper than 1:48 slopeSlide6
ADA Compliant Bus Shelters
Connected to accessible routes
Signage at shelters and stops is highly visibleLow-level platforms 8” above top of rail
or coordinated with typical vehicle floorSlide7
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What works with this solar-powered bus stop?Slide8
Transit Centers
Multiple bus routes converge to transfer
Layover area for bus routesTransfer to rail, intercity bus, park and ride
Located off-street
Wayfinding
Larger or more elaborate shelter and amenities
Driver break room and restroomsSlide9
Busway
and BRT Stations
Along roadways (on of off-street)More elaborate40 to 100 ft
Amenities
Possible vertical circulation
Fare collectionSlide10
Vancouver BRTSlide11
Eugene BRTSlide12
Light Rail Stations
180 to 400 ft
Center, side, or split On-street, off-street, rail ROW, transit mallHigh or low platforms
Usually include canopies, limited seating, TVM
More amenitiesSlide13
Heavy Rail / AGT Stations
More elaborate
High-level platforms due to third-rail powerPlatform screen doors to control access
Often underground or elevated
Center or side platform
600 to 800 ft long
Fare control
Possible parking
Other amenitiesSlide14
Commuter Rail Stations
Wide range
Suburban locations with one or two platformsMajor urban terminals with many tracks and platforms
Center or side platforms or combination
Passenger and freight
300 to >1,000 ft
Heavy park-n-ride
Often amenities
Can be complex passenger interactionsSlide15
Possible Amenities
Amenity
Advantages
Disadvantages
Shelters
Comfort, protection
from climate, identify stop
Maintenance, graffiti, visual impact
Benches
Comfort, identify stop, lower
cost
Maintenance, graffiti,
no climate protection
Lean Bars
Some comfort, lower cost, less space
Not
as comfortable, maintenance
Lighting
Visibility,
security
Power, maintenance, cost
Maps
Info on transit, area
Periodic updating
Real-time Arrival Info
Perceived reliability, wait time
Power, communications, maintenance,
cost
Heat
Comfort in cold
Power,
maintenance, cost, liability
Vending machines
Services, revenue
Trash,
visual, vandalized
Trash
Cleanliness,
Cost, odor, security
Telephones
Convienice
, security
Loitering, cell phones negate
Art
Aesthetics
Perceived wasteful costSlide16
Vehicle circulationSlide17
Required Bus Berths
At least two berths (one for each direction)
Possible layover berthsBased on recovery time divided by route headway times safety factor (1.2)
Need to calculate for whole day and use the greatest plus growth roomSlide18
Bus Berth DesignsSlide19
Bus Berth DesignsSlide20
Private Vehicles
Park-and-Ride
Per passenger rates of 0.4 – 0.6Kiss-and-Ride
Average wait time 7-8 minutes
Bike ParkingSlide21
Bike Parking
Bike Lockers
Bike ShareSlide22
Bike ParkingSlide23
Passenger circulationSlide24
Station Access Includes Many Aspects
Sufficient safe space for movement
Horizontal SpaceCorridor widths
Doorways
Vertical Space
Stairway widths
Escalators
Efficient
time for
purchasing and collecting fares
Number of ticket machines
Number of fare gatesSlide25
Decisions Based on Walkway LOSSlide26
Pedestrian SpeedSlide27
Pedestrian Circulation Terms
Pedestrian capacity
: max people occupying or passing through facility (persons / area / min)“absolute” capacity - max possible
“design” capacity – max desirable
Pedestrian speed
: average or range of walking speed (f/s or m/s)
Pedestrian flow rate
:
peds
per unit time passing a point (escalator, fare control gate, etc)
Pedestrian flow per unit width (walkway width in in, ft, or mSlide28
Pedestrian Circulation Terms (cont’d)
Pedestrian density
: average number of persons per area within a walkway or queuing area
Pedestrian space per person
: average area for each pedestrian
Inverse of density
Varies by activity and characteristics of
peds
Pedestrian time-space
: space required multiplied by time spent doing activity in area
Effective width or area
: walkway or stairway space actually used by pedestriansSlide29
Design Capacities
Passenger demand volumes under typical peak-period
Additional demand from service disruptions and special eventsEmergency evacuation situations
Breakdown in pedestrian flow occurs with dense crowding
Desirable pedestrian LOS
Not max pedestrian capacitySlide30
Horizontal Circulation
Walkways
Multi-activity Passenger CirculationMoving Walkways
Same as walkwaysSlide31
Steps to Determine Required Walkway Width
Choose analysis period (15 min or less)
Based on the desired LOS, choose max
ped
flow rate (p/ft/min or p/m/min)
Estimate
ped
demand
Compute design
ped
flow (p/min) by dividing the demand by # minutes.
Compute required effective width of walkway (in feet or meters) by dividing design
ped
flow by the max
ped
flow rate.
Compute the total width of walkway (in feet or meters) by adding 2 to 3 ft (0.6 29 to 1.0 m), with a 12- to 18-in. (0.3- to 0.5-m) buffer on each side to the effective width of walkway. Slide32
Steps to Determine the Required Doorways
Based on the desired LOS, choose max
ped
flow rate
Choose analysis period (15 min or less)
Estimate pedestrian demand
Compute the design pedestrian flow (per/ min) by dividing the demand by # minutes.
Compute the required width of the doorway (in feet or meters) by dividing the design pedestrian flow by the maximum pedestrian flow rate.
Compute the number of doorway required by dividing the required entrance width by the width of one doorway (always round up).
Determine whether the design pedestrian flow exceeds the entrance capacitySlide33
Doorway LOSSlide34
Vertical Circulation
Stairways
EscalatorsElevators
Entering / exiting
User characteristics (luggage)
Elevator travel time
Capacity
Ramps
Use walkwaysSlide35
Steps to Determine Required Stairway Width
Two methods:
LOS Method
Pedestrian Paths MethodSlide36
Option 1: LOS Method
Based on desired LOS, choose max
ped flow rate
Select analysis period
Estimate directional
ped
demand
Compute design
ped
flow (
ped
/min) by dividing the demand by # minutes
Compute required width (in ft or m) by dividing design
ped
flow by max
ped
flow
Increase the stairway width by one or more traffic lane (30 in) when reverse-flow pedestrian volumes occur frequently Slide37
Stairway LOSSlide38
Option 2: Pedestrian Paths MethodSlide39
Steps to Determine the Required Escalators
Determine analysis period (15 min or less)
Estimate directional
ped
demand
Compute the design
ped
flow (
ped
/ min) by dividing the demand by # minutes
Based on width and speed of escalator, choose nominal capacity (
ped
/ min)
Compute # escalators by dividing the design pedestrian flow by the nominal capacity of one escalator, rounding up. Slide40
Steps to Determine the Required Ticket Vending Machines
Two methods (round up to at least 2)
Install sufficient TVMs so that peak-period queues do not exceed “tolerable” levels, except during periods of unusually high demand.
Install sufficient TVMs to meet off-peak demand, and supplement them with on-site fare sales during peak times.
NTVM = # TVMs (round up),
Parr = # arriving pass / hr
pt = % purchasing ticket
3,600 = sec/hr
tt
=
avg
transaction time (sec/pass
) Slide41
Steps to Determine the Required
Faregates
Choose analysis period (15 min or less)
Estimate
ped
demand
Compute design
ped
flow (pass / min) by dividing the demand by # minutes
Compute # gates, turnstiles, or combination required by dividing the pass flow by capacity of individual units (always round up or add one for each direction of flow)Slide42
Faregate
CapacitySlide43
Conclusion
It is important to design attractive stations in order to obtain ridership.
Enough space should be given to vehicles and passengers to maneuver.
Elements of a transit station such as corridors
, fare boxes
etc. have levels of service.Slide44
Reference
Materials in this lecture were taken from:
TCRP Report 165, “Transit
Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3
rd
edition”, 2013
TCRP
Report 153,
“Guidelines
for providing access to public transportation stations”
2012
.
Manual, Highway Capacity. "HCM 2000."
Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board
(2000
).