The Matter of Our Matter: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Matter of Our Matter:

Tales from Nuclear Science

Nov 2012

1

E. Beise UMD

The Medusa Nebula (NASA’s Astronomy picture of the day Oct 25, 2012)

copyright K. Crawford (Rancho del Sol Observatory)

Betsy BeiseSlide2

Identifying the big questions

and the tools to answer them

Nov 2012

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Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC)

Long Range Plan 2007National Academies2012

http://science.energy.gov/np/nsac/

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13438Slide3

100 years of nuclear science

Nov 2012

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Ernest Rutherford

1871-1937

Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1908

atomic nucleus

identified in 1911

"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"

.Slide4

Harriet Brooks

1876-1933

naturally occurring Uranium

Radon gas

more protons

more neutrons

beta

decay

(neutron turns into a proton, releases an

electron

… and antineutrino)

Thorium

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E. Beise UMD

4Slide5

The tale of visible matter

Nov 20125E. Beise UMD

first few

microseconds

first few

minutes

billions of

years later ….

once upon

a time….

How were the elements such as gold, platinum, uranium (or anything heavier than iron) created ?

Why are certain elements stable and others unstable?Slide6

http://education.jlab.org/itselemental

The Periodic Table of Elements

8

O

Oxygen

16

Nov 2012

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Maria

Goeppert-Mayer

1963Slide7

Marguerite

Perey1909 – 1975

87Fr

Francium223

Lise

Meitner

1878 - 1968

91

Pa

Protactinium

231

1939

 explanation of nuclear fission

Tales of heavy nuclei

Nov 2012

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1939



discovered Francium

1921



discovered Protactinium

109

Mt

Meitnerium

278

first produced in 1982Slide8

Nov 2012

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8Slide9

simulation based on measured nuclear m

asses and

b

eta-decay rates

(courtesy A.

Aprahamian

, Notre Dame)Creation of heavy elements:

rapid capture of neutrons

Nov 2012

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many elements made from beta decay

Heaviest

elements thought to be

made from rapid neutron capture (r-process)

Where are they made? How?

Ni

SnSlide10

The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University

Nov 2012

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K500

A1900

production

target

ion sources

coupling

line



p/p = 5%

transmission

of 65% of the

produced

78

Ni

86

Kr

14+

,

12 MeV/u

86

Kr

34+

,

140 MeV/u

Example:

86

Kr

→

78

Ni

productionSlide11

Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)

Nov 201211E. Beise UMD

Preparing for construction at MSU

number of protonsSlide12

Tales of creation

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first few

microseconds

first few

minutes

billions of

years later ….

once upon

a time….

What were the properties of matter in the earliest stages of the universe, just after the quarks and gluons were created?

How did the quarks and gluons combine to form protons and neutrons?Slide13

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Brookhaven National Laboratory, (Long Island, NY)Nov 201213

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STAR detectorSlide14

Colliding Gold nuclei at RHIC

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STAR detector eventSlide15

Quark-gluon plasma seems to be nature’s most perfect liquid

Nov 2012

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the tale of formation

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first few

microseconds

first few

minutes

billions of

years later ….

once upon

a time….

How do we describe the properties of neutrons and protons based on the fundamental force that holds them together? Slide17

Proton = up + up + down

charge = 2/3 + 2/3 – 1/3 = 1

neutron = up + down + down

charge = 2/3 – 1/3 – 1/3 = 0

quarks and gluons in

protons and neutrons

Nov 2012

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almost all the mass comes from the gluons – the energy field – not the 3 quarks

nucleus

Theory and Computation

1

H

Hydrogen

1.00794Slide18

Looking inside through scattering

(a la Rutherford)Nov 201218

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Particles sometimes act like waves

The higher the momentum, the smaller the wavelength, the shorter distances can be seen.

microscopeSlide19

Jefferson Laboratory

(Newport News, VA)

East Arc Tunnel Magnets

Energy doubling upgrade in progress underway

Nov 2012

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target

detector

beam

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Cryogenic Targets

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Hall C targets

liquid Hydrogen

liquid deuterium

solid targets

G0 targetSlide22

G

0 beam girder

Superconducting Magnet

(SMS)

FPDs

Spokesman

Target module

CED+Cherenkov

G0 Detector in Hall C

at Jefferson Lab

Nov 2012

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MIT-Bates linear accelerator, Middleton, MA

North Hall

my PhD Thesis

experiment

county jail

23

E. Beise, U MarylandSlide24

Proton’s charge and magnetism distributions are very different

Proton charge and magnetismNov 2012

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proton

Carlson &

Vanderhaeghen

, Phys. Rev.

Lett

. 100 (2008) 032004

Since

JLab

Before

JLab

smaller distances



neutronSlide25

Societal Applications

Nov 2012

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Border Protection

High Performance Computing

Energy

medical imaging

isotope production

Nuclear Forensics

Safety and securing of nuclear weapons

accelerator technologySlide26

Positron Emission Tomography

Nov 2012

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Radioactive

18

F embedded in a molecule with glucose, can be readily absorbed by the brain(fludeoxyglucose – 18F-FDG)

Brain image from D. Wilson, British Columbia Cancer AgencySlide27

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

with polarized gasNov 201227

E. Beise UMD

p

p

n

nuclear spin of

3

He gas aligned in magnetic field

MRI magnetic field sees the gas in patient’s

lungs: real time lung function

lung image from Univ. of VirginiaSlide28

Detecting very low levels of radioactivity

Nov 201228E. Beise UMD

J. Diaz et al., Jour.

Env

. Radioactivity, 102, 2011

In Seattle, Washington

Fukushima Earthquake, March 2011Slide29

Nov 2012

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LUX:

Dark Matter search

EXO: 0

nbb

search

UMD-NIST collaborationSlide30

Nov 2012

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