19181929 Chapter 22 Conflicted Legacies of World War One Racial Strife Participation in WW1 led to African Americans standing up for their rights and resisting oppression in the early 1920s Blacks who served in the war had high expectations that antagonized whites and led to more racism ID: 723564
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Wrestling with Modernity, 1918-1929Chapter 22Slide2
Conflicted Legacies of World War OneRacial Strife
Participation in WW1 led to African Americans standing up for their rights and resisting oppression in the early 1920s
Blacks who served in the war had high expectations that antagonized whites and led to more racism
Lynching doubled in the SouthRace riots in the NorthTension in Northern citiesBlack votersJob competition and housingSlide3
Erosion of Labor RightsDemocrat party increased the size and power of labor unions until WW18 hour work days for war workers
Overtime pay
Equal pay for women
AFL membership grewAfter the war employers cut wages and rooted out unions____ workers went on strikeNew industries resisted unionsCalvin Coolidge, MA fired Boston police departmentCompany v. United Mine Workers (1925)
No child labor laws
Adkins v. Children’s hospitalUnion membership fell from 5.1 to 3.6 million“welfare capitalism” only covered 5% of workforceSlide4
The Red ScareSocialist outlook of recent immigrants and Russian Bolsheviks terrified American born citizens.“Reds” had little political influence
Public and press blamed labor unrest on alien radicals
In 1919, threats and bombs led to the FBI
Attorney general Mitchell PalmerJ. Edgar HooverSix thousands arrested and deported in “Palmer Raids”Sacco and Vanzetti case was an example of anti-immigrant and radical biasSlide5
Political in the 1920s
Women in Politics
Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act-
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom-Setbacks because of the Red ScareDifficulty gaining access to Rep. and Dem. PartiesRepublican “Normalcy”Warren Harding (R) won presidency in 1920
Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover promoted stable prices and wages, and industry wide standards
Exposed after death; financial corruption (oil scandal)Calvin CoolidgeLimited government, isolationism, tax cuts for businesses
Republicans declined to carry forward progressive initiativesSlide6
Dollar DiplomacyRepublicans encouraged private bank loans to foreign countriesMilitary occupation to enforce repayment
Haiti
Sexual exploitation of women by soldiers
Loans to local elites turned dictatorsCulture WarsUrban v. RuralReligion in Politics18
th
Amendment ratified in 1920Anti-German tone Speakeasies, bootleggers, and moonshiners John Scopes “Monkey Trial” (1925)-Slide7
NativismCatholics and Jews from Southern and Eastern EuropeChinese immigration ban in 1882
“Gentleman’s Agreement” in 1907
Fear of socialism, anarchism, and undermining of Protestantism
Cap on European immigration (150,000)Mexican immigration continued. Why?CA, WA and HI; anti-Japan lawsThe Klan Revived“Birth of a Nation” (1915)
Catholics and Jews
Klansmen won various elections nationwide3 million members by 1925Declined after 1925, but strong in southEndorsed Anti-Saloon League using violenceSlide8
The Election of 1928Governor Al Smith (D) of NYHerbert Hoover (R)
Democratic “Solid South” voting block was brokenSlide9
Intellectual Modernism
Harlem In Vogue
The Great Migration tripled NY’s black population after 1910
Creative artistic work of African Americans in Harlem embodied ongoing struggle as a raceJazzThe most notable part of the Harlem RenaissanceMostly black musicians, but white performers also participated
“Slumming”
K.E. Heinemann produced “Crazy Blues” prompted “race records”Marcus Garvey and the UNIAUniversal Negro Improvement AssociationMarcus Garvey promoted black separatism
4 million followers
Black Star Line steamship company
Deported to Jamaica for mail fraud
Legacy was pan-Africanism Slide10
Critiquing American LifeErnest Hemingway- portrayed futility and dehumanizing consequences of war in his booksMany writers exposed hypocrisy of small town and rural life
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s
The Great Gatsby
criticized Americans’ mindless pursuit of wealthSlide11
From Boom to Bust
Business after the War
Two hundred businesses controlled almost half of the country’s wealth
OligopoliesNew York City became the financial capitalCompanies invested in Latin American produceConsumer goods, particularly the automobile, sparked expansion of the economyWeaknesses
European comeback
40% of Americans earned $725 per yearConsumer CultureBy 1929, 40% of Americans owned a ______.
Refrigerators and vacuum cleaners became common in affluent homes
Advertising reached new levels of aggression
Selling dreams
Squandering money/creditSlide12
The AutomobileMost significant American consumer purchase 80% of the world’s cars
Stimulated steel, petroleum, rubber, glass industries
3.7 million jobs
CreditDating patterns changed More sexRailroad travel began to declineConsolidation of churches, schools, and post officesHollywood
By 1910 the movie industry moved to CA
Flapper culture was on displaySoft powerSlide13
The Coming of the Great DepressionConsumer lendingStock market; buying on margin
Stock market crash in 1929
Banks went out of business
No insuranceEngland’s central banks struggled after the warProtecting the “golden standard”Smoot-Hawley TariffRepublicans believed depressions were normal and healthy “work harder” and “live a more moral life”