Reform Movement Museum Education Reform - PowerPoint Presentation

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Reform MovementMuseum

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Education Reform

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Education Reform

It’s the 1800s and there are very few public schools. Some kids, who have rich parents, either attend private schools or have tutors come to their house. Most kids, however, stay home and work for their parents. In small areas where lands have been less developed one teacher, with little or no education, teaches a group of students in a small room. In 1837, Horace Mann becomes the Secretary for the Massachusetts board of education and things begin to transform.

Horace Mann, known as “the father of American public schools”, was born in 1796. As a kid, Horace only attended school for 10 weeks out of a school year because he was working on the family farm. Mann did go to college, starting at the age of 20. He attended Brown University and became very interested in politics, education, and social reform. Mann thought that education would be a benefit to humanity.

He began speaking to anyone who would listen about the importance of education. He even began writing about it in a journal he created for teachers. Once Mann became the Secretary for the Massachusetts board of education, the education reform began.

Stop and Discuss

Do you think that you would receive all the education you needed to better yourself if you only attended school 10 weeks out of the year?  What kind of things were kids missing out on by not attending school at all or only attending 10 weeks a year?

The Father of American Public Schools

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“No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that its aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends.”

Horace Mann

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Education Reform

Mann saw the education reform as a way to better society. He believed that an education would allow kids of all backgrounds the chance to go to school to learn. Why was this important?

What is the Purpose of the Education Reform?

Stop and Discuss

What are some other reasons you think the Education Reform was important?

Do you think that going to school to get an education is a great way to stay out of trouble?

Imagine it’s the 1800s. Your family doesn’t have a lot of money and you live on a farm. There is no school for you to attend today, because you must help on the farm. You do your daily duties: pick cotton, feed the farm animals, clean the pig pin, take care of your younger brother or sister, etc. Many kids spent their time doing bad things: stealing, breaking into buildings, burning things, etc. It was Mann’s belief that the education reform would change the ways of education, giving students the chance to attend school, and keeping them out of trouble.

Mann was able to change many things about education. School was changed to 6 months and attendance became mandatory. There were still problems with schools accepting females and African-Americans, but that would later change as well. Teacher training and education became very important. Most importantly, it was agreed upon by citizens that school and teacher’s salaries would be paid for by tax payers. By the year 1850, most North and West states used Mann’s educational ideas.

Mann, later in life, became the president of Antioch College. Just a couple of months before his death, Mann made the follow statement to his students:

“Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity”.

Stop and Discuss

What do you think of the changes that happened due to Mr. Mann’s Education Reform?

What do you think of Mann’s last statement to his students? Do you think he won this “victory” for humanity? What could you do to win a victory for humanity?

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citizens cannot maintain both ignorance and freedom;

this education should be paid for, controlled and maintained by the public;

this education should be provided in schools that embrace children from varying backgrounds;

this education must be nonsectarian;

this education must be taught using tenets of a free society; and

this education must be provided by well-trained, professional teachers.

Horace Mann’s

Principles of Education

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The

Temperance

Movement

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Who was Carrie Nation?

Carrie Amelia Nation (also known as Carry by her father) was strongly against the use of alcohol. She went on to live out her life fighting for the decrease in the use of alcohol and became a strong advocate to the Prohibition Movement, which banned all sales, imports, production and sale of any type of beverage that contained alcohol. It was after the Prohibition Movement began that she changed her name legally to Carry A. Nation. She said that her name was changed so that it could stand for: “Carry A Nation for Prohibition”.

The Temperance Movement

The Temperance Movement was initially introduced by churches in the early 1800s. Initially, many churches created an abstinence pledge. This pledge would allow someone to agree to either lower the amount of alcohol someone drank or to have them completely stop drinking alcohol altogether. By 1833, many societies had been created to continue the movement. One of the most known members of society that fought for the Temperance Movement was Carrie (Carry) Nation.

What is the Temperance Movement?

Carry was super tall, about 6 feet, and weighed 175 pounds. When Carry would hear that a place, usually know as taverns or saloons (bars), was serving alcohol. Carry would go to the tavern with a hatchet and destroy the place. The destruction would cost the tavern or saloon a lot of money and Carry would go to jail. Some people thought that Carry was a hero. Others thought she was too destructive and an oddball. Unfortunately, Carry did not live to see prohibition in every state across the nation.

Stop and Discuss

What are some things you would say to Carry if she were here today?

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Initially, pledges were made to decrease the amount of alcohol a person consumed. Sometimes, this meant that a person could not consume alcohol at all. However, when the Temperance Movement came around, more and more people came together to be against the consumption of alcohol. The goal was to have alcohol banned completely. This eventually led to the Prohibition Movement.

What was the Purpose of the Temperance Movement?

The Temperance Movement

Why was the decrease in alcohol so important? The followers of the Temperance Movement believed that any decrease in the use of alcohol would make society better. During the 1800s, women did not have many rights. If a woman was married, she could not keep her own wages, could not own her own land, could not sign any type of contract, and could not vote. Women were not provided any type of encouragement to obtain an education or to seek out a job. So, many followers of the movement were concerned

Stop and Discuss1. Do you think that the Temperance Movement was important to keeping families healthy and happy? 

2. What do you think the world would be like today if the Temperance Movement still existed?

about how the movement was affecting families and how lives were being destroyed if husbands drank too much. If the husband drank too much, the wife was, most likely, uneducated, had no job, could not keep her own wages, could not own her own land, and could not sign a contract.

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Please Sell No More Drink

To My Father

Title

Please sell no more drink to my father

Contributor Names

White, Charles A.

Created / Published

White, Smith & Co., Boston, 1884, monographic.Genresheet music

Notes

-  From: Music Copyright Deposits, 1870-1885 (Microfilm M 3500)

-  Also available through the Library of Congress Web Site as facsimile page images. (additional physical form)

Listen to the song

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The

Women’s Rights

Movement

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What is the Women’s Rights Movement?

The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848. The first meeting regarding the movement was had on July 19-20 in New York. The two women who organized the meeting were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. This first meeting had about one hundred people in attendance, including men. Elizabeth wrote a speech that used the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as it’s basis: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal”.

The Women’s Rights Movement

Who were the leaders and what was their goal?

Elizabeth and Lucretia were the two women that organized the initial meeting in New York. Later, Elizabeth met a woman named Susan B. Anthony. The two women decided to work together for the remainder of their lives as supporters of women’s rights. Initially, they argued against basic freedoms for women, their overall goal was to obtain voting rights for women. As a team, they pushed congress to put women in the 14

th

and 15

th Amendments and include citizenship and voting rights to men who had been freed from slavery. Stop and Discuss1. Do you think the Preamble to the Declaration of Independence means that men and women are equal? 2. Why do you think that Stanton and Anthony pushed not only for women to be included in the 14

th

and 15

th

Amendments, but also for men who had been freed to be extended citizenship and voting rights?

In 1869, Stanton and Anthony created a National Woman Suffrage Association. The Association was created in order to change federal law so that women could have a right to vote and run for office. All members of the association were against the 15

th

Amendment because women were not included in it.

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What happened?

Lucretia

Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B.

Anthony were able to gain attention for the rights of women.

T

hey organized the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. There, women leaders heard Stanton’s Declaration of Sentiments, in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, declaring that women were equal to men in every way. Of the many sentiments declared, the most shocking was the call for full suffrage for all women.

  The Women’s Rights Movement

In December of 1869, twenty-one years after the initial meeting, Wyoming passed the very first woman’s suffrage law. This allowed women to start serving on juries the next year. In 1893, Colorado became the first state to allow women the right to vote. Three years later, Utah and Idaho began to allow women the right to vote. Others soon after followed: Washington State: 1910; California: 1911; Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona: 1912; Alaska and Illinois: 1913; Montana and Nevada: 1914; New York: 1917; Michigan, South Dakota and Oklahoma: 1918. In 1896, the first National Association of Colored Women is created. With each historical event that happens, it’s important to remember that the suffrage amendment had still not been passed by the House of Representatives or the Senate. It wasn’t until 1919, forty-one years after being written by Susan B. Anthony, that the amendment was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The following year the Women’s bureau of the Department of Labor is created in order to make sure there are good working conditions for women and that information is obtained in order to make sure women stay safe in the workplace. Finally, on August 26, 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was made a law and women were granted the right to vote. Stop and Discuss

Do you think Susan B. Anthony was able to achieve the goals that she wanted to achieve?

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1848

The first women's rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York. After 2 days of discussion and debate, 68 women and 32 men sign a 

Declaration of Sentiments,

 which outlines grievances and sets the agenda for the women's rights movement. A set of 12 resolutions is adopted calling for equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women.

1850

The first National Women's Rights Convention takes place in 

Worcester, Mass.,

 attracting more than 1,000 participants. National conventions are held yearly (except for 1857) through 1860.1869May - Susan

B. Anthony

 and 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

 form the National Woman Suffrage Association. The primary goal of the organization is to achieve voting rights for women by means of a Congressional 

amendment

 to the 

Constitution.

Nov- .

Lucy Stone

, 

Henry Blackwell

, and others form the American Woman Suffrage Association. This group focuses exclusively on gaining 

voting rights for women

 through amendments to individual state constitutions

.

Dec.

10 - The

territory of 

Wyoming

 passes the first women's suffrage law. The following year, women begin serving on juries in the territory.

1893

Colorado

 is the first state to adopt an amendment granting women the right to vote. 

Timeline

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We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; 

Declaration of Sentiments

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He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the

elective franchise

.

(Voting)

He has compelled her to

submit to law

in the formation of which she had no voice. (No representatives in government)He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men, both natives and foreigners.He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property

, even to the wages she earns.He has made her morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband. In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master-the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty and to administer chastisement.He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration. He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction which he considers most honorable to himself.He has denied her

the facilities for obtaining a thorough

education,

all colleges being closed against her.

He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a

different code of morals for men and women

, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society are not only tolerated but deemed of little account in man.

Declaration of Sentiments

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Women’s Right Video

Watch a short video clip here!

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The

Abolitionist

Movement

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What is the Abolitionist Movement?

In 1830, The Great Awakening began. The Great Awakening was a religious movement that believed slavery was a sin.

Many churches were the reason the Great Awakening spread and became widely known.

This religious revival let to the Abolitionist Movement. It was a movement that was created to fight to end slavery. The Abolitionists valued personal freedom and believed the Declaration of Independence when it said “all men are created equal.” In America, the first demand for the freedom of slaves came from a group called the Quakers. The Quakers were a group of people in Pennsylvania and began their quest to free slaves in 1775.

The Abolitionist Movement

The Leaders William Lloyd Garrison, was one of the

Abolitionists who first fought against slavery. Garrison spoke out against the evils of slavery and even created an anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, and published it weekly. In it’s first article, Garrison wrote of the evils of slavery: I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; … tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—and I will be heard. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.

Garrison created the American Anti-Slavery Society. Within 5 years, they had grown to 250,000 members. Many women began to be interested in the American Anti-Slavery Society and joined. Once this happened, other female groups were created, which eventually led to the Women’s Rights Movement.

Stop and Discuss

What is the relationship between the Great Awakening and the Abolitionist Movement?

How did William Lloyd Garrison contribute to the Abolitionist Movement?

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Fighting Slavery

The Abolitionist Movement

In 1841, Frederick Douglass, a fugitive slave, became a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Douglas traveled for the society, giving speeches, handing out pamphlets, and signing people up to receive

The Liberator

. Douglas was one of the few slaves that knew how to read, write, and speak very well. Most people did not believe Douglas when he said he was a fugitive slave. After he became a free man, Douglas became a supporter of the Underground Railroad, a secret group of people who helped slaves escape to freedom. Douglas himself hid as many as ten slaves at a time in his house.

Stop and Discuss

What are the similarities and differences between Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman?

Harriet Tubman was another famous Abolitionist. Born into slavery, she was abused and suffered serious injuries while she was enslaved. She escaped from slavery at the age of 29. Once she gained her freedom, she made it her life’s work to help others who were enslaved. Using a network of antislavery activists and safe houses know as the Underground Railroad. She later help abolitionist John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry. During the Civil War, she served as a spy for the Union army and led a raid on Confederate troops.

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Another Video Clip

The Abolitionist Movement

Watch a short video clip here!

The Abolitionist Movement

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Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.

Frederick Douglass

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It is not light that we need, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake.

Frederick Douglass

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Now I've been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave.

Hariet

Tubman

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1700s-1804

– most Northern states outlawed slavery

1807

– Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States, and then demand began to end slavery

1

820-1840 – abolitionists grew in number

1840-1850 – abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation, the Underground Railroad began tomake an impactThe Abolitionist Movement

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Prison Reform

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Reform for Prisons and the Mentally Ill

Prisons at the time were

filthy and had no rules,

with violent criminals housed side by side with the mentally ill. Inmates were often

beaten for no reason.

Dix visited every public and private facility she could, documenting the conditions she

found. She then presented her findings to the legislature of Massachusetts, demanding that officials take action toward reform. Her reports—filled with dramatic accounts of prisoners whipped, starved, chained, and physically abused by their keepers, and left naked and without heat or sanitation—shocked her audience and began a movement to improve conditions for the imprisoned and insane. In one of her reports she describes finding an elderly man being kept in a basement…

 "This feeble and depressed old man, a pauper, helpless, lonely, and yet conscious of surrounding circumstances, and not now wholly oblivious of the past — this feeble old man, who was he?"  Dorothea Dix led the prison reform movement – all due to her own personal experiences. Dorothea Dix had taken a job teaching inmates in a prison when she received a shock that would change her life and the lives of so many others. She saw horrible conditions that the prisoners experienced and the brutal way they were treated. She began speaking up for those who couldn’t – the prisoners and the often mentally insane who were held there. Reform for Prisons and the Mentally IllHe turned out to be a respected legislator who had lost his money and was now in a pauper’s prison. As a result of Dix’s efforts, funds were set aside for the expansion of the state mental hospital in Worcester. Dix went on to accomplish similar goals in Rhode Island and New York, eventually crossing the country and expanding her work into Europe and beyond.

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Dorothea Dix

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Punishment of prisoners -

New Castle County Jail, Delaware

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I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this 

Commonwealth

, in cages, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience.

Dorothea Dix

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Care of the

Disabled

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1817

– The 

American School for the Deaf

 was founded in Hartford, Connecticut. This was the first school for children with disabilities anywhere in the western hemisphere.

1864

– The U.S. Congress authorized the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind to confer college degrees, and President Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law. 

Edward Miner Gallaudet was made president of the entire corporation, including the college. It was the first college in the world established for people with disabilities and is now known as Gallaudet University.1880 – The National Association of the Deaf was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio; a non-profit for Deaf rights now headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Care of the Disabled

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Edward Gallaudet

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"Deafness … imposes no limits on the intellectual development of its subjects…”

Edward Gallaudet, 1869

"The same arguments which go to show that knowledge is power, that the condition of a people is improved in proportion as the masses are educated, have their application with equal weight to the deaf..."—Edward Miner Gallaudet, 1864

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For years, the disabled were unable to gain the care they needed. The Reform Movement changed the way those with disabilities were treated and cared for by Americans.

The Reverend Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, was interested in the education of the 

deaf.

H

e co-founded the first institution for the education of the deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When opened on April 15, 1817, it was called the "Connecticut Asylum (at Hartford) for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons," but it is now known as the 

American School for the Deaf. His son, Edward Gallaudet, continued his work educating the deaf by starting

Columbia Institution for the Deaf and the Blind. Care of the Disabled

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Labor Reform

Movement

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1836 Early trade unions propose state minimum age laws

Union members at the National Trades’ Union Convention make the first formal, public proposal recommending that states establish minimum ages for factory work

1836 First state child labor law

Massachusetts requires children under 15 working in factories to attend school at least 3 months/year

1842 States begin limiting children’s work days

Massachusetts limits children’s work days to 10 hours; other states soon pass similar laws—but most of these laws are not consistently enforced

1876 Labor movement urges minimum age law

Working Men’s Party proposes banning the employment of children under the age of 14

Labor Reform Movement

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“

Children should not be allowed to labor in the factories from morning till night, without any time for healthy recreation and mental culture,” for it “endangers their . . . well-being and health”

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The labor movement in the United States grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers. For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired. By joining labor unions, workers could fight as a group for better wages and working conditions. When organized workers went on strike, factory owners often responded with violence or by hiring non-union members. Although some labor unions were successful, many factories remained unsafe.

The Knights of Labor where formed in 1869. The knights led several successful strikes against telegraph and railroad companies. This union grew to over 700,000 members.

Labor Reform Movement

Stop and Discuss

Why would a worker join a labor union?

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