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Chapter 3 Section 3 Sumerian Achievements Chapter 3 Section 3 Sumerian Achievements

Chapter 3 Section 3 Sumerian Achievements - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 3 Section 3 Sumerian Achievements - PPT Presentation

Section 3 Sumerian Achievements The Big Idea The Sumerians made many advances that helped their society develop Main Ideas The Sumerians invented the worlds first writing system Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives ID: 698021

sumerians sumerian cuneiform writing sumerian sumerians writing cuneiform gilgamesh school jewelry system temples gods art advances clay wheel schools

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Slide1

Chapter 3 Section 3

Sumerian AchievementsSlide2

Section 3: Sumerian Achievements

The Big Idea

The Sumerians made many advances that helped their society develop.

Main Ideas

The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing system.

Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives.

Many types of art developed in Sumer.Slide3

Sumerian Writing and EducationSlide4

The Invention of Writing

The Sumerians made one of the greatest cultural advances in history.

They developed cuneiform.

Cuneiform-the world’s first system of writingSlide5

The Invention of Writing

Sumerians used sharp tools called

styluses

, instead of pencils and pens, to make wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets.

The oldest inscriptions are on stone 3600 BC.

Clay tablets appear around 3200 BC.

Sumerian writing reads from right to left.Slide6

History of Cuneiform

But in cuneiform, symbols could also represent syllables, or basic parts of words.

As a result, Sumerian writers could combine symbols to express more complex ideas such as “joy” or “powerful.”

Sumerian writing reads from right to left.

Cuneiform ended around 330 BC.Slide7

History of Cuneiform

Earlier written communication had used

pictographs

, or picture symbols.

Each pictograph represented an object, such as a tree or an animal.Slide8
Slide9

Scribes

The Sumerians first used cuneiform to keep business records.

A

scribe

, or writer, would be hired to keep track of the items people traded.

Government officials and temples hired scribes to keep their records.

Becoming a scribe was a way to move up in social class.Slide10
Slide11

Schools

Sumerian students went to school to learn to read and write.

The priests were the primary teachers of the children.

To most temples were attached schools with clergy instructed boys and girls.Slide12

Schools

They instructed in writing and arithmetic, formed their habits into patriotism and piety, and prepared some for the profession of scribes.

School tablets survive, encrusted with tables of multiplication and division, square and cube roots, and exercise in applied geometry. Slide13

Schools

But, like today, some students did not want to study.

Go to school, stand before your school-father, recite your assignment, open your school bag, write your tablet…After you have finished your assignment and reported to your monitor(teacher), come to me, and do not wander about in the street.

Link

to A Sumerian Essay for SchoolboysSlide14

Literature

In time, Sumerians put their writing skills to new uses.

It was first used for commerce, and then religious record.

They wrote works on history, law, grammar, and math.

They also created works of literature such as stories, proverbs, and songs.

They wrote poems about the gods and about military victories. Slide15

Epics

Some literature include epics.

Epics

are long poems that tell the stories of heroes.

The most famous poem being the

Epic of Gilgamesh

, the story of a legendary Sumerian King.Slide16

Epic of Gilgamesh

The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of 

Uruk

, and 

Enkidu

, a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of

Uruk

.

After an initial fight, Gilgamesh and

Enkidu

become close friends. Together, they go on a journey to the defeat monsters.

Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances.

As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence

Enkidu

to death.Slide17

Epic of Gilgamesh

In the second half of the epic, depressed about

Enkidu's

death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life.

He summons his dead friend

Enkidu

, who describes the miseries of death, and then the epic ends.Slide18

Who is Gilgamesh

Two thirds of him is god,

One third of him is man,

There’s none can match the form of his body…

All things he saw, even to the ends of the earth, He underwent all, learned to know all;

He peered through all secrets,

Through wisdoms mantle that veils all

What was hidden he saw,

What was cover he undid;

Of times before the storm flood be brought report.

He went on a long far way,

Giving himself toil and distress;

Wrote then on a stone table the whole of his laborSlide19
Slide20

Sumerian Technology and ScienceSlide21

Evolution of the wheel

The

Sumerians

were the first to development of the wheel

It was used for carts and wagonsSlide22

The Plow

The

plow

increased farm production. The plow was pulled by oxen and broke through the hard clay soil for planting. Slide23

Potters Wheel

Invented the Potter’s wheel-a device that spins clay as a craftsperson shapes it into bowls.Slide24

Advances and Inventions

They made advances in daily life

They also invented a clock that used falling water to measure time.

They added sails to their boats to make sailboats.

Sumerians built sewers under the city streets

First to manufacture bronze to make stronger tools and weapons

They even produced makeup and glass jewelry.Slide25
Slide26

Math

Commerce created mathematics, and united with religion to beget astronomy.

The Mesopotamians even developed

π

as the number 3

They developed math system based on the number 60.

Based on this system, they divided a circle into 360 degrees.

Divided

a

calendar

into 12

months

with

a total of 354 days.

The divisions of our months (12), (24)days, hours, and (60) minutes came from the Mesopotamians

They calculated the areas of rectangles and trianglesSlide27
Slide28

Science

They wrote long list to record their study of the natural world

These tablets included the names of thousands of animals, plants, and minerals.

Sumerians would use ashes of ox hooves, egg shells, and pumice as tooth paste

They would also use animal fat, wood, and ash as soap.Slide29

Astronomy

Mesopotamians

study the stars to divine the future fates of men, more astrologers then astronomers.

Every celestial movement had a terrestrial event.

If the moon was crescent, then the king would overcome an enemy.

They made the first distinction between a planet and a star.

They plotted the orbits of the sun and moon and dated the seasons. Slide30
Slide31

Medicine

They used

ingredients

from animals, plants, and minerals to produce healing drugs.

Some included milk, turtle shells, fig, and salt

They catalogued their medical knowledge, listing treatments according to symptoms and body parts.Slide32

Medicine

A regular profession of

physician

had been established, with fees and penalties fixed by laws

A patient could know the fee before treatment, and the poor could pay less.

Doctors had to pay damages for misdiagnoses, they could even lose a finger in extreme cases. Slide33
Slide34

Medicine

Strange Medicine: Sumerians would sleep next to skulls or even kiss/lick them to cure ailments.

Sorcerers were more popular then physicians amongst the populace.

Possession was considered a disease, caused by sin.

Drugs were used to terrify the demons rather then heal the patients.

People were given disgusting drinks consisting of raw meat, snake-flesh, wood shavings, wine or oil, rotten food, crushed bones, fat, dirt, and animal or human urine or excrement to convince the demon to leave.Slide35

Sumerian Art and CultureSlide36

The Arts of Sumer

The Sumerians skills in the fields of art, metalwork, and architecture

Architecture-the science of building

Sumerian kings lived in palaces

The rich lived in two story homes with a dozen rooms, made mud bricks.

The poor lived in small one story homes, most even made of reeds.

Roads were unpavedSlide37

Architecture

City Centers were dominated by their temples called

ziggurats

, a pyramid-shaped temple tower.

Outdoor staircases led to a platform and a shrine at the top.

Cities had a storage granaries and water cisterns, as well as accommodations for visiting envoys from other cities.

Towns also had a strictly regulated open market and licensed traders.Slide38

Oval Temple of

KhafajiSlide39

Ziggurat of Ur-

NammuSlide40

The Arts

Sumerians were famous fo

r making sculptures, jewelry, cylinder seals, pottery, music, and dance.

Sumerian

sculptors produced many fine works.

Among them are the statues of gods for temples.

Sumerian

pottery is known for its quantity but not quality. Slide41

The Arts

Jewelry was popular

Jewelers made many beautiful works out imported gold, silver, and gems.

Cylinder

seals could be used to sign documents, battle scenes, worship rituals, and mark property.

They were stone cylinders engraved with designs, when rolled over clay, they left an imprint.Slide42
Slide43
Slide44
Slide45

Music

Kings

and temples hired musicians to play on special occasions for entertainment.

They used reed pipes, drums, tambourines, and stringed instruments called lyres.

Children learned songs in school.

People sang hymns to gods and kings.

Music and dance provided entertainment in marketplaces and homes. Slide46
Slide47

Summary of Sumerian Civilization

Sumerian civilization may be summed up in this contrast between crude pottery and consummate jewelry; it was a synthesis of rough beginnings and occasional but brilliant mastery. Here are the first states and empires, the first irrigation, the first use of gold and silver as standards of value, the first business contracts, the credit first system, the first code of law, the first writing, the first stories of Creation, the first libraries and schools, the first literature and poetry, the first cosmetics and jewelry, ornamental metal and decorative themes, the first arch, column, vault, and dome. Here appears some of the sins of civilization: slavery, despotism, and imperialistic war. It was a life differentiated and subtle, abundant and complex. Slide48

Questions (pages 65-69)

What

did

the Sumerians use to write in cuneiform?

Why were scribes important?

How was cuneiform used to express complex ideas?

What was

one of

the most important technical developments of Sumer

What Sumerian advance in mathematics do we use every day when we look at a calendar?

What was at the center of most Sumerian cities?

What different types of art did the Sumerians create?Slide49

Cuneiform

1.

2.

3.

Technology

1.

2.

3.

Invention of Writing. Copy and Fill in the Graphic Organizer

Architecture

1.

2.

3.

Arts

1.

2.

3.Slide50

Architecture

Rulers lived in large palaces.

Mud

bricks were the houses’ main building blocks.

A

ziggurat

, or pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city.

Many types of art developed in Sumer. Copy and Fill in the Graphic Organizer

The Arts

Sculptors produced many statues of the gods for their temples.

Jewelry was a popular item made from imported gold, silver, and gems.

Engraved

cylinder seals

are one of Sumer’s most famous types of art

.

Technology

The Wheel

The Plow

The Sail

Bronze weapons

Cuneiform

World’s first system of writing

Cuneiform symbols could represent syllables. Earlier pictographs had represented only objects.

The Sumerians wrote on clay tablets with a stylus.