Chapter 3 Section 2 Rise of - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 3 Section 2

Rise of

SumeriaSlide2

Section 2: The Rise of Sumer

The Big Idea

The Sumerians developed the first civilization in Mesopotamia.

Main Ideas

The Sumerians created the world’s first advanced society

.

Looking at Sumerian history and government

Religion played a major role in Sumerian society.Slide3

Source Material

Since the 1840’s, excavations has brought to light tens of thousands of clay tablets in cuneiform, and ancient cities buried underneath the sand.

Scholars deciphered the Sumerian language by comparison of linguistic styles with Babylonian/Assyrian/Persian (Farsi) languages.

Many clay tablets still lay inside museums , untouched, until scholars have a chance to study and interpret them. Slide4

Who were the SumeriansSlide5

The Origins of the Sumerians

The creators of Mesopotamian civilization were the Sumerians, a people whose origins remain unclear.Slide6

The Appearance of Sumerians

They were a short and stocky people

Many were wore beards some with the upper lived shaved.

They clothed themselves in fleece and wool.

Men had clothes bound at the waist

While women draped garments from the left shoulder. Jewelry made the women of Sumeria show-windows of their husbands prosperity.Slide7
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The City States of Sumer

Most Sumerians were farmers that lived in rural, or countryside, areas.

The center of Sumeria was the urban, or city, areas.

The first cities had about 10,000 residents while by 2000 BC, some cities may have had 100,000 residents.

As a result, the rural and urban areas of Sumeria merged together to become a city state. Slide9
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Characteristics of a City-States

A city-state consisted of a city and all the countryside around it

.

The amount of countryside in each city-state depended on its military strength.

Fought each other to gain more farmland

Gained and lost power over time

Had wall around it to protect inhabitants of the city-state from attack Slide11

The City States,

Akkadian

Empire, and Ur Dynasty

History of SumeriaSlide12

The First City-States

The City of Kish, was the first major city that dominated Sumeria around 3500 BC.

Its supremacy was short-lived, but later rulers called themselves the “King of Kish” in honor of the city.Slide13

Other city-states followed, such as

Uruk

(2700 BC-2650 BC) and its most famous king Gilgamesh, Ur (2650 BC-2550 BC), and finally Lagash. Slide14

The First Conqueror

King

Eannatum

of Lagash defeated both armies of

Uruk

and Ur.

To commemorate his victory, built a stele. It has been called the “Stele of the Vultures”Slide15

Sumerian Armies

The Sumerians were first to introduce bronze into warfare and fought as spearmen in a mass infantry formation.

The infantry was protected with a large cloak, a large shield, and a bronze helmet

They had a limited number of chariots, which were driven by donkeys. They were slow (15 mph) and the sole purpose was to crash into enemy formations. They would then use their javelins and spears.Slide16
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The First Reformer

Lagash became powerful and ruled an area the size of Rhode Island

King

Urukagina

(2415-2400 BC), was a reformer who issued decrees aimed at the exploitation of poor by the rich, and of the people by the priests.

“The high priest must no longer come into the garden of a poor mother and take wood from..”Slide18

The First Reformer

His reign was ended by King

Lugal-zaggisi

of

Umma

Lugal

means Great Man

The King destroyed the temples, citizens were massacred in the street, and the idols of the gods were led away in bondage.Slide19

A new people emerges

Because of

Lugal-zaggisi

, the Sumerian cities were once again united but weakened by constant conflict.

In time, another people appeared north of the Sumerian city-states. They were called the Akkadians.

The Akkadians were a Semitic people from the Arabian deserts. Slide20

The First Military Dictator

Sargon (means legitimate king) the Great of Akkad began to build an empire in 2334 BC.

His origin is a legend

“My humble mother conceived me; in secret she brought me forth. She placed me in a basket-boat of rushes; with pitch she closed my door.”

He was rescued by a workman and became a cup-bearer to King of Kish.Slide21

Sargon the Great

He grew in favor and influence, rebelled, displaced his king, and built a new throne at Akkad.

He took the name “King of the Universe”.

He conquered the neighboring city states and northern Mesopotamia.

In the cities he conquered, he garrisoned the it with Akkadian troops, and replaced other rulers with Akkadian officials. Slide22

Sargon’s Army

Relied on a permanent professional force of 5,000 men plus local conscripts from vassal cities.

An infantry based army with a mix of chariots and archers. It could only march 50 miles from a logistics base (city).

The first secret of his success was relying onSlide23

Sargon’s Army

The second secret of Sargon’s success was siegecraft.

With this army he was victorious in 34 battles.Slide24
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The First Empire

For 55 years he ruled the first great empire in history that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean.

He standardize weights and measures, and built a tax system. He held hostage nobles in his capital to keep cities from revolting.

Empire – land with different territories and peoples under a single ruler.

His reign closes with the empire lasting for 100 years before falling into open revolt. Slide26
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The First Barbarian Invasion

The Akkadian Empire falls to revolt and

Gutian

and

Elamite

Invasions.

The city of Akkad disappeared and has never been found.

The only remains of the empire will be its history and language

which will be used until the Assyrian Empire.

The city of Ur, under Ur-

Nammu

, rose to supremacy after Sargon. He re-established law and order and rebuilt ziggurats, roads, walls, and canals. Slide28

Poem of Ur-

Nammu

I am Ur-

Nammu

,

I protect my city.

I strike those guilty of capital offenses, and make them tremble…

My judgments set Sumer and Akkad (region) on a single path.

I clamp down on evildoers…

I make justice apparent, I defeat wickedness…

In the desert, the roads are made up as for a festival, and are passable because of me…

I am the good shepherd whose sheep multiply greatly.Slide29

City of Ur under Ur-

NammuSlide30

Ziggurat of Ur-

NammuSlide31

Sumerian ReligionSlide32

The Sumerian Religion

Religion was very important in Sumerian society. It played a role in nearly aspect of public and private life.

The Sumerians practiced polytheism.

Polytheism is the worship of many gods.

Every city had it own god or goddess

Anu

, the god of chaos, gave birth to other gods

Shamash was the god of the sun or light

Enlil

was the god of air

Inanna

(Ishtar)was the goddess of earth

Ningirsu

was the god of irrigation (The Lord of Floods)

Tammuz was the god of vegetation.

Sin was the god of the moon

The air was full of spirits to protect or harm soulsSlide33
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Sumerian Religion

Sumerians believed that success in every area of life depended on pleasing the gods, and that the gods could bring harvest or floods, or illness and wealth.

Their view of the afterlife was a dark abode of miserable shadowsSlide36

Sumerian Religion

Prayers were offered for advantages here on earth.

Various public rituals, food sacrifices, and libations took place on a daily basis.

It was common for kings to be buried with their retainers, usually persons of importance. In one burial, 68 women were found buried with the king.  Slide37
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Sumerian Prayer from the King

Gudea

O my Queen, the Mother who established Lagash (The goddess of

Bau

, patron deity of Lagash)

The people on whom you look is rich in power;

The worshipper on whom you look, his life is prolonged

I have no mother, you are my mother;

I have no father, you are my father…

My goddess

Bau

, you know what is good;

You have given my life

Under your protection, my Mother, in your shadow I will reverently dwell. Slide39

Sumerian Priests

The people relied on the priests, or

ensi

, to help them gain the god’s favor.

Priests were people who performed religious ceremonies.

Priests interpreted the wishes of the gods and made offerings to them.

The offerings to the gods included: oxen, goats, sheep, doves, chickens, ducks, fish, dates, figs, cucumbers, butter, oil, and bread.

These offerings were made in temples, or ziggurats.

Enriched by such beneficence, the priests became the wealthiest and most powerful class in the Sumerian city. Slide40
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Sumerian Government and SocietySlide42

Sumerian Social Order

Their was a social hierarchy in Sumeria

Social hierarchy: the division of society by rank or class

Kings were at the top of the order because they claimed to be chosen to rule by the gods.

Social order

Kings

Priests

Skilled craftspeople, merchants, and traders

farmers and laborers made the working class

Slaves Slide43

Life of the Poor (Rural)

Houses were made of reeds, usually plastered with an adobe mixture of clay and straw moistened with water and hardened by the sun.

The huts had wooden doors, revolving upon socket hints of stone.

The floors were beaten earth; the roofs were arched by bending the reeds together at the top, or were made flat with mud-covered reeds stretched over crossbeams of wood.

Water for drinking was drawn from wells.Slide44
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Life of the Poor (Urban)

Single-story

mudbrick

homes, arranged along unpaved roads that were only 6 feet in length.

A separate area was set aside to serve as a kitchen, with mud-brick ovens placed outside the rear of the building.

They had no plumbing, so they would bathe in the river and household waste was deposited in the alleyways. (They would put ash and sand over the waste to cover the small)Slide46

Wealthy Homes

Wealthier Sumerians had homes with several rooms and the house was built in the shape of a U with a garden in the center.  Most Sumerians spent their day in the garden as the inside was always dark, damp and without proper ventilationSlide47

Life of the Rich

They had separate bathrooms with their own plumbing where slaves poured warm water over them and anointed their body with oils.

They spent their days organizing and planning business ventures, tended religious rites, and entertained guests and visiting dignitaries. Slide48

A closer look: Sumerian Kings

They were called

patesi

, or priest king, claiming rule by divine right.

Kings would try to control the priesthood by filling it with their families.

All kings lived in fear of assassination, and lived in an inaccessible palace.

The King led the army and reward commanders with land.

King also established law codes for the territory in which they ruled. Some law codes were shared among the cities.Slide49
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A closer look: Traders

Traders, merchants, and craftspeople formed the middle class of society

Trade was carried chiefly by water, along the major rivers and canals.

Trade was conducted with lands of Egypt and India.

Trade was also conducted normally by barter (primarily with barley), since coinage had not been invented. However, gold and silver were already in use standards of value.

A system of credit even existedSlide51
Slide52

A closer look: Slaves

The lowest social order was the slaves

.

One could become a slave in a number of ways:

being captured in war,

selling oneself to pay off a debt,

being sold as punishment

being kidnapped

or being sold by a family member to relieve a debt.

Slaves had no single ethnicity nor were they solely employed for manual labor.

Slaves kept house, managed large estates, tutored young children, and could be employed in whatever capacity their master saw they had a talent in.

A slave who worked diligently for his or her master could eventually buy their freedomSlide53

Men in Sumeria

Different roles existed in Sumeria.

Men generally held the political power and made laws.

Men could have more then one wife, and reduce the first to a subordinate decision.

Education was generally reserved for men, but some upper class women were educated.Slide54

Women in Sumeria

Women generally took care of the home and children.

She had equal rights with her husband over the children, and in the absence of her husband she can manage the household.

She could keep and dispose her own slaves.

However, should could be sold as a slave to pay off his debts. If she could not have any children she could be divorced or even drowned.

Children had no legal rights, they could be disowned and banished from the city.Slide55

Women Priestess

Some women, however, were priestesses in Sumerian temples.

They were either servants or concubines

Fathers were send their daughters to the temple as servants and celebrated their admission by giving their wedding dowry as gift to the temple.

Enheduanna

, a daughter of Sargon, was a priestess who wrote hymns, and is the first known female writer in history

.Slide56

Questions (pages 60-64)

Cambridge answer in a complete sentence

Where and how did most Sumerians live?

What were city-states, and how did they get along with each other?

How was Sargon able to build his first empire?

What is polytheism?

What kind of powers did Sumerians believe their gods possessed?

Who made up the middle rank of society?Slide57

The Rise of Sumer (Copy and Fill in this

Graphic

Organizer)

History

Religion

SocietySlide58

The Rise of Sumer

History

Religion

Society

originally organized into city-states

large empire created by Sargon

first permanent army

polytheistic

each city had a god as a protector

gods have enormous power

Priests interpret wishes

of gods

Everyone must serve and worship gods

kings

priest

skilled crafters, merchants, and traders

laborers and farmers

slaves