COMPLEX SENTENCE EVERYTHING ABOUT COMPLEX SENTENCES… - PowerPoint Presentation

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COMPLEX SENTENCE EVERYTHING ABOUT COMPLEX SENTENCES… - PPT Presentation

IN A SINGLE CLASS CLASS 1 AP CLASS 2 AP AdvP CLASS 3 AdvP PP CLASS 4 PP CLASS 5 ADVERBIALS CLASS 6 ADVERBIALS CLASS 7 ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW CLASS 8 MIDTERM OVERVIEW ID: 760052

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Slide1

Slide2

COMPLEX SENTENCE

EVERYTHING ABOUT COMPLEX SENTENCES…

…

IN A SINGLE CLASS

Slide3

Slide4

CLASS #1: AP

CLASS #2: AP/

AdvP

CLASS #3:

AdvP

, PP

CLASS #4: PP

CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS

CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS

CLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND

MIDTERM OVERVIEW

CLASS #8:

MIDTERM OVERVIEW

and SIMPLE SENTENCE

CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE

CLASS #10: SIMPLE SENTENCE

CLASS #11: PHONETICS OVERDOSE (NO GEJ)

CLASS #12: GEJ2 OVERDOSE: COMPLEX SENTENCE

CLASS #13: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

MIDTERM

Slide5

SCHEDULE FOR THE REMAINING CLASS(ES)

We have

(without this one)

classes remaining!

May

30:

TWO GEJ2 LECTURES

WE START AT NOON (WE’LL TALK ABOUT COMPLEX SENTENCES).

June 6:

TRAINING FOR THE WRITTEN EXAM

(examples from previous exams + hints) &

TRAINING

FOR THE

ORAL EXAM

(several question combinations from the oral exam + hints, tips and tricks)

Slide6

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A SINGLE CLASS

Slide7

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

Based on the number and type of clauses in a sentence, there are three types of sentences:

Slide8

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

SIMPLE SENTENCE

= SINGLE INDEPENDENT/MAIN CLAUSE, all sentence elements are realized as phrases:

[The members] [did not know] [the scope of the problem].

S (NP) V (VP) O (NP)

COMPLEX SENTENCE

= ONE INDEPENDENT/MAIN CLAUSE AND AT LEAST ONE DEPENDENT/SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, at least one sentence element is realized as a clause:

[The members] [know] [that the problem has a wide scope].

S (NP) V (VP) O (clause)

[The members] [knew] [the answer] [when the chairman asked].

S (NP) V (VP) O (NP) (A) (clause)

Slide9

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

COMPOUND SENTENCE

= AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT/MAIN CLAUSES:

[She] [took] [the test] [in June] and [she] [passed] [it] [easily].

S (NP) V (VP) O (NP) A (PP) CONJ. S(NP) V (VP) O (NP) (A) (

AdvP

)

[Mary] [likes] [dogs] but [she] [doesn’t like] [hamsters].

S (NP) V (VP) O (NP) CONJ. S(NP) V (VP) O (NP)

Slide10

LINKERS

LINKERS are syntactic items which link two syntactic element.

Depending on the type of syntactic elements which are linked, linkers can be classified into two groups:

CONJUNCTS – they link SENTENCES, e.g.

He studied hard. However, he didn’t pass the exam.

CONJUNCTIONS – they link CLAUSES, and according to their function they can be further divided into:

Coordinators (and, but, or)

Subordinators (if, although, that, when, etc.)

Slide11

SUBORDINATION vs. COORDINATION

Both SUBORDINATION and COORDINATION are processes of linking of at least two syntactic units.

However, they are different HIERARCHICALLY:

SUBORDINATION: syntactic units being linked are NOT on the same syntactic level.

COORDINATION: syntactic units being linked ARE ON THE SAME syntactic level.

Why do we talk about SYNTACTIC UNITS and not CLAUSES?

Because, both CLAUES and PHRASES can be COORDINATED (but, phrases CANNOT be SUBORDINATED)

Slide12

SUBORDINATION OF CLAUSES

SUBORDINATION (← OR →) is a non-symmetrical relation holding between 2 clauses in such a way that one is a constituent of the other (MAIN/MATRIX CLAUSE has SUBORDINATE CLAUSE as ITS CONSTITUENT).They think that she can succeed if she tries hard enough.

S V

conj. S ------V------

-------------(ADV)----------

conj. S V -----(ADV)-----

THIS MEANS THAT SUBORDINATION IS

RECURSIVE:

A subordinate clause itself can have as its constituent another subordinate clause (

that she can succeed

if she tries hard enough

Slide13

SUBORDINATION OF CLAUSES

The relationship of subordination can be represented graphically with a TREE DIAGRAM:

They think

that she can succeed

if she tries hard enough

Slide14

COORDINATION

COORDINATION (

↔)

is a symmetrical relation holding between 2 clauses which are of EQUAL STATUS.

Why do we mention EQUAL STATUS?

Because, the two coordinated clauses can be either two MAIN/INDEPENDENT clauses (=COMPOUND sentence), or two SUBORDINATE/DEPENDENT clauses.

Slide15

COORDINATION

Coordination of two MAIN/INDEPENDENT clauses:She took the test and she passed it.This structure is actually a COMPOUND SENTENCE.It too, just as a complex sentence, can be represented graphically.

S V ----O----

Conj./

Coord

S V O

Slide16

COORDINATION

SHE TOOK THE TEST SHE PASSED IT

AND

Slide17

COORDINATION

Coordination of two SUBORDINATE/DEPENDENT clauses:He said he was worried and that they had to talk.This structure is actually a COMPLEX SENTENCE.It too can be represented graphically.

S V

----------------------------- O ------------------------------

S V ----Cs----

Conj./

Coord

Sub. S -------V--------

Slide18

COORDINATION

He said

and

he was worried

that they had to talk

Slide19

SUBORDINATORS

SUBORDINATORS (i.e. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS) are FORMAL INDICATORS of SUBORDINATION.They introduce subordinate clauses and are classified into the following groups:that, if, although, as, because, since, when, while, etc.in order that, provided that, as soon as, as though, etc.no sooner…than, hardly…when, …the moment, once,…0, Did you …, Had he done…

SINGLE WORD SUBORDINATORS

MULTI-WORD SUBORDINATORS

CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATORS

MARGINAL SUBORDINATORS

ZERO SUBORDINATORS

Slide20

COORDINATORS vs. SUBORDINATORS

I like Mary.

Mary likes me.

AND

BECAUSE

Mary

likes

Mary

I like Mary

and

Mary likes me.

I like Mary

because

Mary likes me.

Slide21

déjà vu?

CLAUSES

Santa Clause

Subordinate Clauses

Slide22

CLAUSES

Every complex sentence consists of two types of clauses:MAIN/INDEPENDENT/SUPERORDINATE CLAUSESDEPENDENT/SUBORDINATE CLAUSESSUBORDINATE clauses are CONSTITUENTS of larger syntactic units (PHRASES or SENTENCES)Clauses in phrases:NP: [His hope that things will improve] is unfounded.AP: He is [sure that things will improve]Clauses in sentences: I know [that things will improve].

Slide23

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Slide24

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Structural classification is based on the STRUCTURE OF THE VERB ELEMENT IN A GIVEN CLAUSE

Slide25

FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A FINITE CLAUSE is a clause which has a finite VP as its V element. In other words: the VP agrees with the SUBJECT (there is CONCORD between S and V).

He told me

that he

was studying

hard for the exam

told me

that he

were studying

hard for the exam

I can’t go out

because I’

studying

can’t go out

because

I’

studying

Slide26

NON-FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES

When the V element is a non-finite VP, there are several possibilities:I expected her to quit. (NOTE: I expected them to quit.)The only solution would be for her to quit.All I did was push the red button.Rather than Paul do it, I will.Leaving the camp, they dented their RV.With all his friends having been wounded, Rambo was in a desperate situation.Having been in a similar situation before, he knew what to do.Rambo left Cambodia, his job finished.Convinced that somebody at the court wanted to poison him, the king didn’t eat anything.

TO INFINITIVE

BARE INFINITIVE

-ING PARTICIPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

Slide27

VERBLESS DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Angry

, he reached for his baseball bat.

Too angry to think about consequences

he grabbed his shotgun and started shooting.

When ripe

bananas tend to look rotten from the outside.

With that problem now out of our way

, we can focus on what is really important.

VERBLESS CLAUSES:

have NO V element

they are usually

ellipsis of be and the subject

both the verb and the subject are recoverable from the context

Slide28

STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES OF NON-FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSES

Non-finite and

verbless

clauses differ syntactically from finite clauses in several important respects:

In non-finite clauses there is NO SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:

For

him

[to do] such a thing is unbelievable.

For

them

[to do] such a thing is unbelievable.

They

[do]/ [ *

does

] unbelievable things.

Because they contain a

non-finite VP,

non-finite clauses CANNOT express TENSE, MOOD and MODALITY

Non-finite clauses often contain

NO SUBORDINATOR

Determined to do it

they jumped.

Slide29

STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES OF NON-FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSES

Non-finite clauses are often subject to

SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION

(no subordinator, no subject, no auxiliary verb):

(Because they were)

Determined to do it

they jumped.

The

SUBJECT

is either

IMPLIED

(a) or

OVERT

(b):

To reach the summit,

the climbers

had to risk a lot.

Lunch

finished,

the guests left.

For

him

to do such a thing

is unimaginable.

Non-finite clauses can cause

AMBIGUITY

We met him

leaving the room

When we were leaving the room?

When he was leaving the room?

Slide30

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Slide31

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

[He did the right thing.]I know [that he did the right thing].She will be happy [providing he did the right thing].[The fact [that he did the right thing]] is undisputable.The public pressed him [so hard [that he did the right thing]].

(A)

Inside NP

Inside

AdvP

Slide32

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses can function as:

SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS

NOMINAL CLAUSES (functioning as S, O, C)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (functioning as ADV(

erbial

)s)

PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES

(

postmodification

of NP,

postmodification

of AP, complement of PP,

postmodification

AdvP

) e.g.:

Relative clauses

Comparative clauses

Slide33

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION – PART I:DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Slide34

Slide35

Slide36

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS

NOMINAL CLAUSES:

functioning as S (SUBJECT):

[

That Chuck Norris is

unkillable

] is a well known fact.

[

To annoy Chuck Norris

] is a suicide.

functioning as

(INDIRECT OBJECT):

Chuck Norris gave [

whoever was there

] a kick in the butt.

functioning as Od (DIRECT OBJECT):

I know [

that Chuck Norris hangs up on

Olja

Beckovic

functioning as Cs (SUBJECT COMPLEMENT):

The problem with Chuck Norris is [

that bullets are afraid of him

functioning as Co (OBJECT COMPLEMENT):

I didn’t imagine Chuck Norris [

wearing white socks with his black shoes and his black belt

], but I didn’t dare call him on it.

Slide37

NOMINAL CLAUSES: STRUCTURAL classification

STRUCTURES OF NOMINAL CLAUSES:

THAT-CLAUSE / DEPENDENT DECLARATIVE CLAUSE:

[

That Chuck Norris is

unkillable

] is a well known fact.

DEPENDENT WH-INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE

I cannot imagine [

what made him offend Chuck

]. He must be suicidal.

DEPENDENT YES-NO INTERROGATIVE

CLAUSE:

Chuck Norris does not care [

if his car breaks down or not

NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE:

[

What Chuck Norris is looking for

] is a good fight.

TO-INFINITIVE NOMINAL CLAUSE:

[

To kill Chuck Norris

] is impossible.

ING-PARTICIPIAL

NOMINAL CLAUSE:

[

Making fun of Chuck

Norris

] is

the most lethal thing in the world.

Slide38

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES only function as A((

dverbial

)s):

ADJUNCTS:

[

When Chuck Norris does a pushup

], he is not lifting himself up, he is pushing the Earth down.

DISJUNCTS:

[

Speaking in all honesty

], I can inform you that Chuck Norris does not style his hair: it lays perfectly in place out of sheer terror.

CONJUNCTS:

[

What is more

], some people claim that there is no theory of evolution, but just a list of beings that Chuck

Norris

allows to live.

Slide39

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: detailed SEMANTIC classification

SEMANTIC TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME:

[

When I last saw him

], he tried to pull a practical joke on Chuck Norris.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE:

The Taliban are hiding [

where Chuck Norris does not want to go

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:

[

Although he had not eaten for months

], Chuck Norris is still alive.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION:

[

If you don’t believe me what I am telling you about Chuck Norris

], what can I do? You’re already dead.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON OR CAUSE:

[

Since we live near Chuck Norris’s house

], we enjoy a life a safety.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CIRCUMSTANCE:

[

Seeing that Chuck Norris moved to our neighborhood

] we shall be able to live the rest of our lives in ultimate safety.

Slide40

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: detailed SEMANTIC classification (2/2)

SEMANTIC TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (continued):

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE:

[

To stop the global warming

], Chuck Norris started beating up all CO

molecules.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT:

Many households put life-size pop-up boards of Chuck Norris at their porches [

so that by the next day the crime rate had dropped to zero

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER AND COMPARISON:

If you meet Chuck Norris, you must

do exactly

[

as he tells you to

Chuck Norris hunted

the terrorists

[

as a tiger stalks his prey

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PROPORTION:

[

As the lane got narrower

], (so) the overhanging branches made it more difficult for the terrorists to keep sight of Chuck Norris chasing them.

[

The narrower the lane got

], [

the more difficult

] the

overhanging branches made it

for

the terrorists to keep sight of Chuck Norris chasing them.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PREFERENCE:

[

Rather than travel by air

], Chuck Norris would prefer a week on a big liner all by myself.

Slide41

A brief digression on condition and concession:

Adverbial clauses of concession

denote that in the light of the circumstances in the dependent clause, the main clause is surprising, and they are introduced by ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, WHILE, WHEREAS, EVEN THOUGH:

[Although he had offended Chuck Norris]

, he survived, albeit rather physically deformed.

Sometimes they are introduced by ZERO SUBORDINATOR (inversion, etc.):

[Unarmed as/that he was]

, Chuck Norris braved an armed assault by 10 000 terrorists.

Slide42

A brief digression on condition and concession:

Adverbial clauses of condition

denote that there is a state of dependence of the main clause on one circumstance or a set of circumstances described in the subordinate clause, and they are introduced by IF, UNLESS, PROVIDING THAT, etc.:

[If you offend Chuck Norris]

, you are a dead man.

Sometimes, however, IF introduces ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:

[If he is spiritually poor]

, at least Chuck Norris is honest.

Slide43

A brief digression on structural properties of non-finite adverbial clauses:

Almost all adverbial clauses

can be realized as either FINITE CLAUSES or NON-FINITE CLAUSES, where NON-FINITE CLAUSES can be subject to varying degrees of SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION or ELLIPSIS (dropping the repetitive phrases out of the subordinate clause):

[When they saw Chuck Norris approaching]

, the terrorists fled.

[Having seen Chuck

Norris approaching]

, the terrorists fled

[Chuck

Norris approaching]

, the terrorists fled.

However, there is a limit to what can be dropped out and how compressed the structure may be.

[Approaching]

, the terrorists fled

Slide44

A brief digression on structural properties of non-finite adverbial clauses:

Non-finite adverbial clauses

are bound to the rule of SUBJECT RECOVERABLITY (i.e. there should be a suitable subject in the subject position of the main clause).

[Persuaded by our optimism]

, Chuck Norris gladly contributed time and money to the scheme.

However, the SENTENCE MAY BECOME AMBIGUOUS if the NP with which the understood subject of the non-finite clause should be identified DOES NOT APPEAR AS THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE.

[Flying through the air at the speed of sound]

, a sudden thought struck Chuck Norris.

[Since leaving her]

, the whole life has seemed pointless.

SUBJECT RECOERABILITY RULE is also knows as ATTACHMENT RULE.

Slide45

A brief digression on structural properties of non-finite adverbial clauses:

SUBJECT RECOVERABLITY / ATTACHEMENT RULE is traditionally stated with reference to PARTICIPLES, but it applies just as much to INFINITIVAL and VERBLESS CLAUSES as to participial clauses.

Here’s a gradation of acceptability in terms of subject recoverability:

[To climb the rock face]

, Chuck Norris had to take various precautions, because he did not want to damage it.

[

To climb the rock face]

various precautions had to be taken,

because he did not want to damage it

[Though very ill]

, the medicine cured him in no time.

[A result of the rise in prices]

, our economy is suffering.

[

To climb the rock face]

certain precautions are set out below.

The only exception to this rule are

verbless

clauses with impersonal reference:

I’ll help you, [

if necessary

]. (i.e. if IT is necessary).

Slide46

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION – PART II:DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Slide47

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES - NP

postmodification

RELATIVE CLAUSE (restrictive):

The book

you gave me

is terrible.

RELATIVE CLAUSE (non-restrictive):

My brother,

who is 39

works as a doctor.

COMPARATIVE CLAUSE

He bought

fewer

books

than I need

APPOSITIVE CLAUSE

Your assumption,

that things will improve

is too optimistic.

Slide48

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES - AP

AP complement:

NOMINAL CLAUSE:

I am

sure

that you will make it

COMPARATIVE CLAUSE

She is

tall

as her sister is

Slide49

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES - AdvP

AdvP

complement:

COMPARATIVE CLAUSE

She examined the patient

thoroughly

than it was necessary

Slide50

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES - PP

PP complement:

NOMINAL CLAUSE

The crash looked terrible

from

where I was seated

Slide51

DEPENDENT CLAUSES AS PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES - SUMMARY

Slide52

A brief digression on structural properties of non-finite comparative clauses:

Many comparative clauses in the

postmodification

of ADVERB PHRASES and ADJECTIVE PHRASES

can be realized with varying degrees of SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION or ELLIPSIS (similarly to adverbial clauses):

Nobody speaks English better

[than Chuck Norris]

. (i.e. than Chuck Norris speaks English).

However, ambiguity mar arise according to whether the NP is interpreted as the subject or the object of the original clause.

He loves the dog more

[than his wife]

However in formal contexts, if a pronoun is used, there is no ambiguity:

He loves the dog more

[than

her]

He loves the dog more

[than

she]

In informal communication the objective case is used (her), so there can be ambiguity.

Similar: He attacked the government more than we/us.

Slide53

A brief digression on the comparative item MORE:

The comparative item MORE can have as many as six functions and it is very important to be aware of that in order to avoid errors in syntactic analysis

MORE as QUANTIFIER:

Jack has

more girlfriends

than his brother (has).

MORE as

HEAD OF NP:

ore (of them)

are at home than (are) abroad.

MORE as

ADJUNCT:

I agree with you

more than ((I agree) with)

Robert

MORE as

MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE HEAD:

His speech was

more interesting than I expected (it would be)

MORE as

MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE PREMODIFIER:

It was

more lively discussion

than I expected (it would be).

MORE as

MODFIER OF ADVERB:

The time passed

more quickly

than (it passed) last year.

Slide54

A brief digression on the comparative item MORE:

Why do we make a distinction between these two? After all they look quite similar

MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE HEAD:

His speech was

more interesting than I expected (it would be)

MORE as

MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE PREMODIFIER:

It was

more lively discussion

than I expected (it would be).

Because there is a difference between:

There are more intelligent monkeys that Herbert.

There are monkeys (who are) more intelligent that Herbert.

Slide55

GENERAL (i.e. (VERY) BRIEF) OVERVIEW

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION

Slide56

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Conditional clauses are adverbial clauses (i.e. subordinate clauses) which convey a condition upon which the situation in the main clause is DEPENDENT.

They are introduced by the following subordinators:

unless (negative condition)

on condition (that)

provided (that)

given (that)

supposing (that)

assuming (that)

in case

as long as

if only

Slide57

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Depending on the

type of condition

that they express, conditional clauses can be classified into:

Direct conditional clauses

They convey a CONDITION UPON WHICH THE SITUATION IN THE MAIN CLAUSE IS

DIRECTLY DEPENDENT

, there are two subtypes:

OPEN :

If it doesn’t rain,

we’ll go out.

HYPOTHETICAL :

If it weren’t raining,

we’d go out.

Indirect conditional clauses

They convey a CONDITION UPON WHICH THE SITUATION IN THE MAIN CLAUSE IS

INDIRECTLY RELATED WITH

If you are going my way,

I need a lift.

Rhetorical conditional clauses

They are used as figures of speech to

EMPHASIZE THE NEGATION OF THE MAIN CLAUSE

If they’re telling the truth,

I’m the king of Spain.

Slide58

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

According to the traditional classification, all conditional clauses (or conditionals) are classified into:

FIRST CONDITIONAL / TYPE A / TYPE 1

IF SHE

COMES

TO THE PARTY

, HE WILL BE HAPPY.

TIME REFERENCE: FUTURE, FULFILMENT POSSIBLE, REAL POSSIBILITY

SECOND CONDITIONAL / TYPE B / TYPE 2

IF SHE

CAME

TO THE PARTY

, HE WOULD BE HAPPY.

TIME REFERENCE: FUTURE, FULFILMENT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE, LOW POSSIBILITY (DREAM, WISHFUL THINKING, ETC.)

THIRD CONDITIONAL / TYPE C / TYPE 3

IF SHE

HAD COME

TO THE PARTY

, HE WOULD HAVE BEEN HAPPY.

TIME REFERENCE: PAST, FULFILMENT IMPOSSIBLE, UNREAL POSSIBILITY

MIXED TYPE (e.g. ZERO CONDITIONALS)

IF SOMEBODY

AT THE PARTY

, HE SHOULD BE PARTYING.

TIME REFERENCE: ALWAYS, FULFILMENT CERTAIN, NO POSSIBILITY: CERATINTY

 OTHER TIME REFERENCES ALSO EXIST

Slide59

TRADITIONAL vs. LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION

FIRST CONDITIONAL > OPEN CONDITIONAL, FUTURE TIME REFERENCEIF SHE COMES TO THE PARTY, HE WILL BE HAPPY.SECOND CONDITIONAL > HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL, FUTURE TIME REFERENCEIF SHE CAME TO THE PARTY, HE WOULD BE HAPPY.THIRD CONDITIONAL > HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL, PAST TIME REFERENCEIF SHE HAD COME TO THE PARTY, HE WOULD HAVE BEEN HAPPY.

WHAT ABOUT OPEN CONDITIONAL WITH PRESENT TIME REFERENCE?IF HE IS IN PARIS NOW, HE IS OBVIOUSLY ON A VACATION.

WHAT ABOUT OPEN CONDITIONAL WITH PAST TIME REFERENCE?IF IT RAINED, AYRTON SENNA ALWAYS PRACTICED FOR WET RACES.

WHAT ABOUT HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL WITH PRESENT TIME REFERENCE?IF I KNEW THE EXACT PROBLEM, I WOULD BE FIXING THE ENGINE NOW.

THE TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION IS FLAWED AND IMPRECISE.

OUR CLASSIFICATION IS BETTER!!!

Slide60

OPEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Open conditionals are called

open

, because they convey

open or real conditions

In other words, the question of whether the condition will be fulfilled is OPEN, i.e. the possibility for the condition to be fulfilled EXISTS.

They can have the following time references:

FUTURE

PRESENT

PAST

There are NO RESTRICTIONS on the use of verb forms (in either the IF-CLAUSE or the MAIN CLAUSE)

I.e. THE COMBINATION OF TENSES IS FREE

The use (mood) of verb forms is INDICATIVE (NOT hypothetical), therefore the

open conditional clauses

are

SUBJECT TO

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES RULE

Slide61

OPEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES=> FUTURE TIME REFERENCE

Slide62

OPEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES=> PRESENT TIME REFERENCE

Slide63

OPEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES=> PAST TIME REFERENCE

Slide64

HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Hypothetical conditionals are called

hypothetical (or unreal)

, because they convey

hypothetical/unreal conditions

In other words, the question of whether the condition will be fulfilled is NOT OPEN, i.e. the possibility for the condition to be fulfilled DOES NOT EXISTS.

They can have the following time references:

FUTURE

PRESENT

PAST

There are RESTRICTIONS on the use of verb forms (in both the IF-CLAUSE and the MAIN CLAUSE)

I.e. THE COMBINATION OF TENSES IS

NOT

FREE

The use (mood) of verb forms is SUBJUNCTIVE (i.e. hypothetical), therefore the hypothetical conditional clauses are

NOT SUBJECT TO

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES RULE

Slide65

HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES => FUTURE TIME REFERENCE

Slide66

HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES => PRESENT TIME REFERENCE

Slide67

HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES => PAST TIME REFERENCE

Slide68

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES => CLOSING REMARKS

With verbs SHOULD, HAD and WERE it is possible to have SUBJECT-OPERATOR INVERSION:

Had he done that

, I would have helped him.

Were you in my shoes

, you would do the same thing.

Should he send a complaint,

we will sue him.

Will

and

would

can have SPECIAL USES in IF-CLAUSES:

POLITENESS:

If you will/would wait,

I will see to it.

EXPRESSING WILLINGNESS:

If you will/would listen to me,

I will be able to help you.

Slide69

SOME SIMPLE and COMPLEX SENTENCES FROM THE EXAMS: 1997-2008

NOW LET’S PREPARE FOR THE EXAM…

Slide70

Sentence Structure

(

Language Workbooks

)

Publishing date: 2005, July 12

Price: $

30.95

' ... the book represents an excellent and flawless attempt to learn syntax through active explorations.'

The Linguist

List

Sentence Structure:

introduces the evidence for sentence structure and reveals its purpose

is based on a problem-solving approach to language

teaches the reader how to identify word classes, such as noun, preposition and demonstrative

uses simple tree structures to

analyse

sentences

contains numerous exercises to encourage practical skills of sentence analysis

includes a database and exercises that compare the structure of English with other languages.

The second edition of Sentence Structure has been revised and updated throughout and includes new material on tense, aspect, modality and the verb phrase, whilst the order of topics has been rearranged to improve clarity.

Slide71

PRACTICE SENTENCES

The bird that was ruthlessly hunted has become extinct.