Sohaib Hassan Stimulants What are stimulants Stimulants are drugs that increase a persons state of Mental Alertness All stimulants tend to increase concentration But other effects ID: 412125
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Slide1
Option D5: Stimulants
Sohaib HassanSlide2
Stimulants
What are stimulants?
Stimulants
are
drugs
that increase a persons state of
Mental Alertness
. All stimulants tend to
increase concentration
. But
other effects
vary according to the
particular stimulantSlide3
List the physiological effects of Stimulants
List of physiological effects according to different stimulants.( These will be covered as we go along)
Remember: All stimulants tend to
increase concentration
.
These
stimulants
include
Amphetamines
Epinephrine(naturally occurring adrenaline)
Nicotine
CaffeineSlide4
Compare
amphetamines
and
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)
amphetamines and Epinephrine(Adrenaline) are both chemically similar in that both are derived from the Phenylethylamine structureThe difference between these is that Amphetamines are synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of naturally occurring Adrenaline(Epinephrine). Amphetamines are a sympathomimetic drug which mimic the effect of stimulation on the Sympathetic nervous systemSlide5
How are
amphetamines
and
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)
similar
Both
amphetamines
and Epinephrine(Adrenaline) are derived from the Phenylethylamine structure shown on the left
Adrenaline contains a secondary amine
Amphetamines contains a primary amine
As we can see in the images above these are the structural differences between both the stimulants shown above.
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINES
Primary (one R group attached N atom)
Secondary( two R groups attached to the N atom)
Tertiary( three- R groups attached the N atomSlide6
Physiological effects of Adrenaline
Adrenaline is known as the “fight or fight "hormone. It is generated by the body in the face of an extreme and immediate dangerous situation or when the body is highly charged in situations such as when we go on a rollercoaster.
It is important to remember however that this is generated by the body naturally in contrast to Amphetamines which are produced synthetically.
Some of the processes that the body undergoes because of the production of adrenaline include speeding of heart rate and increased sweat productionSlide7
Physiological effects of Amphetamines
Amphetamines mimic the effect that Adrenaline has on the body which makes it a
sympathomimetic drug
which means that it mimics the effect of stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system which basically happens naturally because of Adrenaline.
Regular use can lead to both tolerance and dependence as Llewellyn
taught us about them yesterday.
Short term effects include increase in heart rate and breathing, dilation of pupils, decrease in appetite, followed by fatigue, and possible depression as the effects wear off. Long term effects include weight loss, constipation, and emotional instability. Slide8
Effects of Nicotine Consumption
Like amphetamines nicotine is sympathomimetic, it increases concentration and relieves tension.
Stopping or quitting smoking can produce temporary withdrawal effects by the body like a craving for tobacco, nausea, weight gain, insomnia irritability and depression.
Some of the physical short term effects
include increased heart rate, and blood pressure, and reduction in urine output.
The Long term effects
include increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis. Slide9
Nicotine effects continued
The stimulatory effects of Nicotine may also lead to the excess production of stomach acid leading to an increased risk of peptic ulcers.
Some other well known risks of smoking include chronic lung diseases, adverse side effects on pregnancy, and cancers of the mouth, lung, and throat.
Nicotine structureSlide10
Caffeine
Most widely used stimulant in the world!
It is present in: Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, cola drinks, painkillers, and medicines.
If consumed more than 400 mg a day then it can cause
dependence
and
physical side effects.
Caffeine is a respiratory stimulant when consumed in large amounts it can cause: anxiety, irritability, and sleeplessness. It is also a weak diuretic which means it causes frequent urination, increased alertness, concentration, and restlessness. Slide11
An interesting comparison in both Nicotine and Caffeine structures
Caffeine
Both caffeine and Nicotine contain
a tertiary amine group.