Partner Discussion Imagine that you live in the NorthSouth as the Civil War is ending 1 How do you feel about the other side 2 What are your concerns about the South rejoining the US 3 What would you want to make sure the other side does or does not do ID: 706111
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Slide1
PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTIONSlide2
Partner Discussion
Imagine that you live in the North/South as the Civil War is ending.
1. How do you feel about the other side?
2. What are your concerns about the South rejoining the U.S.?
3. What would you want to make sure the other side does or does not do?Slide3
Reconstruction
Key Goals:
Bring the South back into the union
Integrate and protect freedmenSlide4
The Status of the South
African-Americans:
4 million new freed people
Many homeless, jobless and hungry
Some migrated North, others looked for jobs
Plantation owners
Lost slave labor worth $3 billion
Many had to sell their property
Poor white SouthernersMany couldn’t find workOften started migrating westSlide5
1890
African-American population in 1890Slide6
Clip 1
Explains the impact of Emancipation & the idea of “40 Acres”Slide7
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Lincoln’s idea during war – Dec 1863
Pardon to Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union
States could create new state Constitutions after 10% of the people in the state had sworn allegiance
States could then hold electionsSlide8
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
This idea offered a tone of forgiveness
But Congress wanted to punish the South
The 10% plan never went into effectSlide9
2. Wade-Davis Act
1864-Congress’s Radical Republicans thought the 10% plan was too lenient
Proposed
Wade-Davis Act
Required Confederates to take an oath and swear they had never willingly borne arms against the U.S.
Lincoln let this Act die in a pocket veto
Significance: Goal was more to punish the SouthSlide10
13
th
Amendment
Passed in 1865
Amendment to the Constitution
Ends slavery in the United StatesSlide11
What are the biggest/most important differences between Lincoln’s 10% Plan and the Wade-Davis Act?Slide12
PHASES OF RECONSTRUCTIONSlide13
Groups
Radical Republicans –
Hate slavery, want the South to give A-As rights
Southern Democrats – Want a system as close to slavery as possible
Lincoln – More moderate Republican
Johnson – Southerner who sympathized with the SouthSlide14
Questions in the South throughout
Who will do the work?
How will blacks be “controlled?”
Will the South survive the upheaval?Slide15
Attitude Inventory
Which statement do you agree with more…
A.
It
is more important for a country to have equality for its people than a strong, unified
government
OR
B.
It is more important for a country to have a strong, unified government than equality for its peopleSlide16
Chronology of Reconstruction
1864-1865 – Lincoln
1865-1867 – Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction
1867-1877 – Radical Reconstruction
1877 – End of Reconstruction
“Redemption” PhaseSlide17
President Johnson
Southerner who was allied with poor whites
Was chosen as Lincoln’s running mate to try to get Lincoln Southern supportSlide18
PHASE 1:
Presidential Reconstruction
States had to void secession and abolish slavery
Allowed states to hold Constitutional ConventionsSlide19
How the South Responds
They begin passing laws called “Black Codes”
What did these codes do?
Sec. 3 …No Negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. Any Negro violating this provision shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any person who shall rent, or give the use of any house to any Negro, in violation of this section, shall pay a fine of five dollars for each offence.
Sec. 6…No negro shall be permitted to preach, exhort, or otherwise declaim to congregations of colored people, without a special permission in writing form the president of the police jury
….Slide20
Black Codes – The Big Picture
Rights:
Marriage
O
wning property
Restrictions: LaborHousing
Leisure time
Weapons
ownershipViolation of the Black Codes lead to fines or forced workSlide21
Violence
Violence against African-Americans
“Value” of the
African-American
KKK
emergesLynching of blacks and whites
Secretly and targeted (rather than mob violence)
Systematic murder of about 1,300 votersSlide22
Analyze Presidential Reconstruction
Was Reconstruction a success under Presidential Reconstruction? Why or why not?
DiscussSlide23
Phase
2
: Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans see the problems of Reconstruction under Johnson
They push through a completely different approach:
Civil Rights Act
14
th AmendmentStates had to ratify to re-joinControl of the SouthMilitary districtsConfederates temporarily can’t
vote, African-American men canSlide24
14
th
Amendment
“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
Citizenship & due process for everyone born in the U.S.Slide25Slide26
Legal Impact
African-Americans elected to office
More than a dozen in Congress
Hundreds elected to state
legislatures
2,000 held office
Push through 15
th
AmendmentGives all African-American men the right to voteSlide27
Social Impact
Freedmen’s Bureau
Food, shelter, medical care for poor
Education
Wipe out Black
Codes…But Sharecropping is established to take its placeSlide28
Sharecropping
Freedmen rent land/materials/tools
Whites own the land
Freedmen only get “shares”
Forever in debtSlide29Slide30
Analyze Radical Reconstruction
Was Reconstruction a success? Compare its successes (or lack thereof) under Presidential & RR Reconstruction. Why or why not?Slide31
“Redemption”Slide32
Strange Fruit, by Billie Holiday
Southern trees bear a strange fruit
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root
Black bodies
swingin
' in the Southern breeze
Strange fruit
hangin
' from the poplar treesPastoral scene of the gallant South
The bulgin' eyes and the twisted mouthScent of magnolias sweet and fresh
Then the sudden smell of burnin' fleshHere is a fruit for the crows to pluck
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck
For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop
Here is a strange and bitter crop
What does this song suggest about the Reconstruction-era South?Slide33
During Radical Reconstruction…
Grant elected (1868)Slide34
Compromise of 1877
Republican Rutherford Hayes lost popular vote to Samuel Tilden
Electoral vote disputed
Southern Democrats agreed to give Hayes the win if:
He took federal troops out of South
Give $ to South for railroads and leveesSlide35
Reconstruction Dies
In South…
Former Confederates pardoned, return to power
Democrats from South blocked national reforms
Supreme Court limits 14
th and 15
th
Amendments, lets states “protect” rightsSlide36
“Redemption”
After Reconstruction ends
The South claims this is a period of “Redemption”
From the
perspective
of Southern whitesThey are the ones who feel they are being redeemed – regaining what they’d lost
Time of anxiety and fear in the SouthSlide37
During Redemption
KKK reemerges
Jim Crow laws
Enforce complete segregation
African-Americans’ homes, barns were burned
Suppression of votingDirectly – threats and whips
Gerrymandering
Literacy testsSlide38
Literacy Test
Take the literacy testSlide39
African-American Vote Wiped Out
Louisiana
Over 130,000 African-Americans registered to vote
Four years later:
Down to 5,300 Slide40
Lynchings
1882-1901 – More than 100
lynchings
a year recorded
Over 5,000 up until 1960sSlide41
Analyze Redemption
What does this time period suggest about the successes or failures of Reconstruction?