RHETORICAL VOCAB FOLDABLE SETUP INTERRUPTION 2 OMISSION 2 REPETITION 5 BALANCE 6 COMPARISON 7 WORD PLAY 14 Interruption 2 Parenthesis DEFINITION the insertion of words phrases or a sentence that is not syntactically related to the rest of the sentence It is set off by ID: 655196
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Rhetorical Vocabulary AP Language" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Rhetorical Vocabulary
AP LanguageSlide2
RHETORICAL VOCAB
FOLDABLE SETUP
INTERRUPTION (2)
OMISSION (2)
REPETITION (5)
BALANCE (6)
COMPARISON (7)
WORD PLAY (14)Slide3
Interruption
(2)Slide4
Parenthesis
DEFINITION:
the insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence that is not syntactically related to the rest of the sentence. It is set off by dashes or parentheses.
“The regulation poster in the single unisex restroom admonishes us to wash our hands thoroughly, and even offers instructions for doing so, but there is always some vital substance missing--soap, paper towels, toilet paper--and I never found all three at once.” (Barbara Ehrenreich,
Nickel and Dimed
)Slide5
Appositive
DEFINITION:
A noun, phrase or clause which follows a noun or pronoun and renames or describes the noun or pronoun.
Whetstone’s Wacky Way of Remembering:
With this information inserted into the sentence, the reader is now more “positive” he or she knows who is the subject of the sentence.
“Its unquestioned leader, Paul Broca, professor of clinical surgery at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, gathered a school of disciples and imitators around himself.”
(Stephen Jay Gould, from
Women’s Brains
). Slide6
Omission
(2)Slide7
Asyndeton
Definition:
A writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses
“Doubt, Desire, Sorrow, Remorse, Indignation, Despair itself, all these like helldogs lie beleaguering the soul of the poor dayworker…”
(Thomas Carlyle, from
Labour)Slide8
Polysyndeton
DEFINITION
The deliberate use of many conjunctions between phrases, clauses, or words
**THIS FALLS INTO “OMISSION” BECAUSE THE WRITER IS CHOOSING TO OMIT PUNCTUATION.
“If she tried, he’d argue and wheedle and sulk and bully and plain wear her down.”
(JEANNETTE WALLS,
The Glass Castle
, page 76)Slide9
so remember when you are
dealing with polysyndeton
you are….Slide10
Repetition
(5)Slide11
Anaphora
Definition
Deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the
beginning
of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs.
Whetstone’s Wacky Way:
repetition is at
beginning
of phrases or clauses, anaphora begins with “A” which is at the
beginning
of the alphabet.
“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end… we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”
(Winston Churchill, WWII speech) Slide12
alliteration
DEFINITION
words following each other or close together that start with the same consonant sound.
WHETSTONE’S WACKY WAY:
the double “l” in the term “alliteration” might help one remember that he or she is to look for a repetition of consonant sounds in progressive words.
“The crusade to create a chemically sterile, insect-free world seems to have engendered a fanatic zeal…”
(Rachel Carson, from
Silent Spring
)Slide13
anadiplosis
DEFINITION
repetition of the last word at one clause and beginning of the next clause
When your cable is on the fritz, you get frustrated. When you get frustrated, your daughter imitates. When your daughter imitates, she gets thrown out of school. When she gets thrown out of school, she starts making bad choices. When she starts making bad choices, she meets undesirables. When she meets undesirables, she ties the knot with undesirables. When she ties the knot with undesirables, you get a grandson with a dog collar.”
(DirectTV Commerical, 2012) Slide14
climax
DEFINITION
Repetition of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing number or importance
“I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.”
(John F. Kennedy, Inauguration Speech, 1961)Slide15
epistrophe
DEFINITION
repetition of a word or expression at the
end
of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect.
Whetstone’s Wacky Way:
repetition comes at the
end
of phrases or clauses
, the word
end
begins with the letter “e” as does the word “epistrophe”
“ [...] that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
(Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)Slide16
Balance
(6)Slide17
Parallelism (words, phrases, clauses)
DEFINITION
The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
WORDS
“Something must be done, and done speedily, and in this distress the wisest are tempted to adopt violent means, to proclaim martial law, corporal punishment, mechanical arrangement [...] and main strength.”
(Ralph Waldo Emerson, from
Education
)Slide18
Parallelism (words, phrases, clauses)
DEFINITION
The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
Phrase= more than a couple of words, but not a complete sentence
PHRASES
“My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.”
-Barack ObamaSlide19
Parallelism (words, phrases, clauses)
DEFINITION
The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
Whetstone’s Wacky Ways:
C
lause=
C
omplete Sentence
CLAUSES
In college,
he ran
a laundry service,
he organized
student charter flights to Europe,
he went
to see basketball games with his friends, and
he went
to business school in New York.
(Malcolm Gladwell,
David and Goliath)Slide20
Antithesis
DEFINITION
Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas
Words:
"Engaged yet detached"
“Instead of a macho, trigger-happy man our culture has perversely wanted him to be, the cowboy is more apt to be convivial, quirky, and soft-hearted.”
(Gretel Ehrlich, “About Men”)
“We shall support any friend, oppose any foe”
(JFK Inauguration Speech)Slide21
Zeugma
DEFINITION
A figure in which more than one item in a sentence is governed by a single word, usually a verb.
“She looked at the object with suspicion and a magnifying glass”
(Charles Dickens,
I Love India). Slide22
Antimetabole
DEFINITION
Words are repeated in different grammatical forms.
When the going get tough, the tough get going.
It’s not about the size of the dog in the fight, but the size of the fight in the dog.
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
(John F. Kennedy, Inauguration Speech, 1961)Slide23
Comparison
(7)Slide24
Allusion
DEFINITION
An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it
“Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their ‘thus saith the Lord’ far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.”
(Martin Luther King, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail”)Slide25
Simile
DEFINITION
To compare two unlike things using the connecting words
like
or
as.
“Our life is like a German Confederacy, made up of petty states, with its boundary forever fluctuating, so that even a German cannot tell you how it is bounded at any moment”
(Henry David Thoreau, “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”)Slide26
metaphor
DEFINITION
With both hands over his heart he broke into an Irish tenor’s rendition of “Maria” from
West Side Story
[...] But Maria had followed me to London
.
”
(Judith Ortiz Cofer, “Myth of a Latin Woman”)
A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike thingsSlide27
Synechdoche
DEFINITION
metaphor where the part stands for the whole: seems more literal
"Lend me a hand..."
“Is Google Making Us Stupid?”
(Nicholas Carr, July/August 2008 Issue of
The Atlantic)
PART
WHOLESlide28
Metonymy
DEFINITION
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated at a deeper level
(such as "crown" for "royalty"; “lend me your heart”).
“The British crown has been plagued by scandal.”
(Queen Elizabeth II speech)
Slide29
personification
DEFINITION
Giving human qualities to something that is not human
“The plane moved every way a line can move, and it controlled three dimensions, so the line carved massive and subtle slits in the air like sculptures.”
(Annie Dillard, from
The Writing Life)Slide30
Periphrasis
DEFINITION
A trope in which one substitutes a descriptive word or phrase for a proper noun
"The Big Apple"
“And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.”
(John F. Kennedy, Inauguration Speech, 1961)Slide31
Word Play
(14)Slide32
Pun
DEFINITION
the use of similar or identical sounding words to create an alternate meaning to the sentence in which they are used.
“Hospitals are sued by seven foot doctors”
(eRepublik, article headline, 2010)Slide33
sarcasm
DEFINITION
A style of bitter irony intended to hurt or mock its target
MILFORD, CT—Intermittently gnawing at an old apple core and scratching at his unruly bramble of stubble, 22-year-old Daniel Hardin admitted to reporters Thursday that he had become completely broke and homeless 10 days after taking control of his own finances.
(
The Onion,
22-Year-Old Broke, Homeless 10 Days After Taking Control Of Own Finances
)Slide34
rhetorical question
DEFINITION
a question that is asked merely for effects
Public opinion resented it before, public opinion accepts it now, and is happy in it. Why? Was the resentment reasoned out?”Slide35
irony
DEFINITION
the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
“Here was I--a white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd--seemingly the leading actor of the pieces; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind.”
(George Orwell, “Shooting an Elephant”)Slide36
oxymoron
DEFINITION
A figure of speech that combines two usually contradictory terms in a compressed paradox
“I was sitting there red-faced and quiet, and my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting at his boss in her impeccable broken English.”
(Amy Tan, “Mother Tongue”)Slide37
imperative sentence
DEFINITION
A sentence used to command, implore, enjoin, or entreat
“My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.”
(John F. Kennedy, Inauguration Speech, 1961)Slide38
hortative sentence
DEFINITION
Sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action
“Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.”
(John F. Kennedy, Inauguration Speech, 1961)Slide39
Satire
DEFINITION
An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.
“I have been assured by a very knowing American by my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or broiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.”
(Jonathon Swift,
A Modest Proposal)Slide40
euphemism
DEFINITION
mild, indirect or vague term substituting for a harsh, blunt form of an offensive term
"passed away" vs. "died"
“They will hand over the terrorists, or they will share in their fate.”
(George W. Bush “After 9/11” speech)Slide41
hyperbole
DEFINITION
Also known as overstatement; exaggeration used to emphasize a point.
“I find myself, every September, increasingly appalled by the dismal lists of texts that my sons are doomed to waste a school year reading.”
(Francine Prose,
I Know Why A Caged Bird Cannot Read
)Slide42
litotes
DEFINITION
a particular form of understatement generated by denying the opposite of the word which would otherwise be used
“Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters…”
(Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave
).
Slide43
logos
DEFINITION
logical appeal of a speaker to main elements are evidence and reasoning
“In urban areas, for young women and girls, ages 15-19, the prevalence rate was 15.4%. For young men and boys of the same age, it was 1.2%. For young women between 20 and 24, the rate was 29.7%. For young men of that age it was 8.4%.”
(Stephen Lewis, AIDS Has a Woman’s Face)Slide44
pathos
DEFINITION
an appeal to one's emotions
“I ask you to live your lives and hug your children. I know many citizens have fears tonight, and I ask you to be calm and resolute, even in the face of a continuing threat.”
(George W. Bush, “After 9-11 Speech”).Slide45
ethos
DEFINITION
“I have a Doctorate’s Degree in NeuroEconomics and have been studying oxytocin for over ten years…”
(Dr. Paul Zak,
Ted Talk,
“Trust, Morality, and… Oxytocin?”)
speaker's credibility to speak about subject (whether automatic --someone well known, such as The Queen, Oprah, Stephen King--or earned through reputation and accomplishments.