BLOOD ANATOMY BLOOD AND ITS COMPONENTS - PowerPoint Presentation

1. BLOOD ANATOMY

2. BLOOD AND ITS COMPONENTS

3. Fluids of the Body Cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluidsbloodcomposed of plasma and a variety of cellstransports nutrients and wastesinterstitial fluidbathes the cells of the bodyNutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid & then into the cellsWastes move in the reverse directionHematology is study of blood and blood disorders

4. Physical Characteristics of BloodThicker (more viscous) than water and flows more slowly than waterTemperature of 100.4 degrees FpH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)8 % of total body weightBlood volume5 to 6 liters in average male4 to 5 liters in average femalehormonal negative feedback systems maintain constant blood volume and osmotic pressure

5. Functions of BloodTransportation O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormonesRegulationhelps regulate pH through buffershelps regulate body temperaturecoolant properties of water vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heathelps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteinsProtection from disease & loss of blood

6. Blood components55% plasma: 7 to 8% dissolved substances (sugars, amino acids, lipids & vitamins), ions, dissolved gases, hormonesmost of the proteins are plasma proteins: provide a role in balancing osmotic pressure and water flow between the blood and extracellular fluid/tissuesloss of plasma proteins from blood – decreases osmotic pressure in blood and results in water flow out of blood into tissues – swellingmost common plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, clotting proteins (fibrin)

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8. Blood: Cellular elements45% of blood is the cellular elements or formed elements99% of this (44.55% of total blood) is erythrocytes or RBCsformed by differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the red bone marrow of long bones and pelvis – makes about 2 million per second!most numerous cell type in the body – 4 to 6 million per ul bloodas they mature in the marrow they lose most organelles and its nucleus lack mitochondria and cannot use the oxygen they transport for ATP synthesislives only about 120 days – destroyed by the liver and spleenliver degrades the hemoglobin to its globin component and the heme is degraded to a pigment called bilirubin - bileIron(Fe+3) transported in blood attached to transferrin proteinstored in liver, muscle or spleenattached to ferritin or hemosiderin proteinin bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis

9. 1% found in the Buffy coat : -leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets (thromobocytes)-neutrophils: phagocytic properties -release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria -release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them -release strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria - releases cytokines that attract other neutrophils-eosinophils: parasitic defense cells -also involved in the allergic response -release histaminase slows down inflammation caused by basophils-basophils: heparin, histamine & serotonin -heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction-monocytes: enter various tissues and differentiate into phagocytic macrophages-lymphocytes: T and B cells

10. Blood PlasmaComposed of approximately 90 percent waterIncludes many dissolved substancesNutrients, Salts (metal ions)Respiratory gasesHormonesProteins, Waste products

11. FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOODRed blood cells ( erythrocytes )White blood cells ( leukocytes )granular leukocytesneutrophilseosinophilsbasophilsagranular leukocyteslymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cellsmonocytesPlatelets (special cell fragments)

12. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)The main function is to carry oxygenAnatomy of circulating erythrocytesBiconcave disksEssentially bags of hemoglobinAnucleate (no nucleus)Contain very few organellesOutnumber white blood cells 1000:1

13. Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobinBiconcave disk 8 microns in diameterincreased surface area/volume ratio flexible shape for narrow passagesno nucleus or other organellesno cell division or mitochondrial ATP formationNormal RBC countmale 5.4 million/drop ---- female 4.8 million/dropnew RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second

14. HAEMOGLOBIN

15. Iron-containing proteinBinds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygenEach hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sitesEach erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin moleculesGlobin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chainsOne heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chaineach heme contains an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule

16. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cellsHemoglobin transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for releasecombines with amino acids in globin portion of HbHemoglobin transports nitric oxide & super nitric oxide helping to regulate BPiron ions pick up nitric oxide (NO) & super nitric oxide (SNO)& transport it to & from the lungsNO causing vasoconstriction is released in the lungsSNO causing vasodilation is picked up in the lungs

17. Production of abnormal hemoglobin can result in serious blood disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The blood test, hemoglobin A1c, can be used to monitor blood glucose levels in diabetics

18. HematocritPercentage of blood occupied by cellsfemale normal range38 - 46% (average of 42%)male normal range40 - 54% (average of 46%)testosteroneAnemia not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobinPolycythemiatoo many RBCs (over 65%)dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

19. Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCsErythrocyte formation, called erythropoiesis, occurs in adult red bone marrow of certain bones.The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is hypoxia.Proerythroblast starts to produce hemoglobinMany steps later, nucleus is ejected & a reticulocyte is formed orange in color with traces of visible rough ERReticulocytes escape from bone marrow into the bloodIn 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become a mature RBC

20. ANEMIASymptomsoxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedfatigue, cold intolerance & palenesslack of O2 for ATP & heat productionTypes of anemiairon-deficiency = lack of absorption or loss of iron type of nutritional anemiafailure to take in essential raw ingredients not made by the bodypernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption from the digestive tractB12 is essential for normal RBC formation and maturationbinding of B12 to intrinsic factor allows its absorptionintrinsic factor – synthesized by the small intestine

21. hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupturerupture of too many RBCs by external factors such as malaria (normal RBCs) or genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia (defective RBCs)thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobinaplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)failure of the bone marrow to produce enough RBCs may selectively destroy the ability to produce RBCs onlybut may also destroy the myeloid stem cells – affect WBCs and platelets

22. WHITE BLOOD CELLSLeukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) are nucleated cells and do not contain hemoglobin. Two principal types are granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes).Granular leukocytes include eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils based on the straining of the granules.Agranular leukocytes do not have cytoplasmic granules and include the lymphocytes and monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages (fixed and wandering).Leukocytes have surface proteins, as do erythrocytes. They are called major histocompatibility antigens (MHC), are unique for each person (except for identical siblings), and can be used to identify a tissue.

23. Less numerous than RBCs5000 to 10,000 cells per drop of blood1 WBC for every 700 RBC Leukocytosis is a high white blood cell countmicrobes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgeryLeukopenia is low white blood cell countradiation, shock or chemotherapyOnly 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given timerest is in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes & spleen

24. WBCs leave the blood stream by emigration.Some WBCs, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, are active in phagocytosis.The chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site is termed chemotaxis.

25. WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it & squeeze between cells.adhesion molecules (selectins) help WBCs stick to endotheliumdisplayed near site of injury molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wallNeutrophils & macrophages phagocytize bacteria & debrischemotaxis of both kinins from injury site & toxins

26. Types of LeukocytesGranulocytesGranules in their cytoplasm can be stainedInclude neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophilsAgranulocytesLack visible cytoplasmic granulesInclude lymphocytes and monocytes

27. GranulocytesNeutrophilsMultilobed nucleus with fine granulesAct as phagocytes at active sites of infection Fastest response of all WBC to bacteriaDirect actions against bacteriarelease lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteriarelease defensin proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying themrelease strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria

28. EosinophilsLarge brick-red cytoplasmic granulesFound in repsonse to allergies and parasitic wormsLeave capillaries to enter tissue fluidRelease histaminase slows down inflammation caused by basophilsAttack parasitic wormsPhagocytize antibody-antigen complexes

29. BasophilsHave histamine-containing granulesInitiate inflammationInvolved in inflammatory and allergy reactionsLeave capillaries & enter connective tissue as mast cellsRelease heparin, histamine & serotoninheighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

30. AgranulocytesMonocytesLargest of the white blood cellsFunction as macrophagesImportant in fighting chronic infectionTake longer to get to site of infection, but arrive in larger numbersBecome wandering macrophages, once they leave the capillariesDestroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection

31. LymphocytesNucleus fills most of the cellPlay an important role in the immune responseB cellsdestroy bacteria and their toxinsturn into plasma cells that produces antibodiesT cellsattack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteriaNatural killer cellsattack many different microbes & some tumor cellsdestroy foreign invaders by direct attack

32. PlateletsDerived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)Needed for the clotting processNormal platelet count = 300,000/mm3

33. Thrombopoietin stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets.Myeloid stem cells develop into megakaryocyte-colony-forming cells that develop into megakaryoblasts.Megakaryoblasts transform into megakaryocytes which fragment.Each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a platelet (thrombocyte).Normal blood contains 250,000 to 400,000 platelets/mm3. Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days; aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver.

34. Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleusNormal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/drop of bloodOther blood cell counts5 million red & 5-10,000 white blood cells

35. HEMOSTASISA clot is a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped.The chemicals involved in clotting are known as coagulation (clotting) factors; most are in blood plasma, some are released by platelets, and one is released from damaged tissue cells.Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions that may be divided into three stages: formation of prothrombinase (prothrombin activator), conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

36. Stoppage of bleeding in a quick & localized fashion when blood vessels are damagedPrevents hemorrhage (loss of a large amount of blood)Methods utilizedvascular spasmplatelet plug formationblood clotting (coagulation = formation of fibrin threads)

37. Platelet Plug FormationPlatelets store a lot of chemicals in granules needed for platelet plug formationalpha granulesclotting factors platelet-derived growth factorcause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle & fibroblasts to repair damaged vesselsdense granulesADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor, & enzymes that produce thromboxane A2Steps in the process(1) platelet adhesion (2) platelet release reaction (3) platelet aggregation

38. Blood ClottingBlood drawn from the body thickens into a gelgel separates into liquid (serum) and a clot of insoluble fibers (fibrin) in which the cells are trappedIf clotting occurs in an unbroken vessel is called a thrombosisSubstances required for clotting are Ca+2, enzymes synthesized by liver cells and substances released by platelets or damaged tissuesClotting is a cascade of reactions in which each clotting factor activates the next in a fixed sequence resulting in the formation of fibrin threadsprothrombinase & Ca+2 convert prothrombin into thrombinthrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads

39. Prothrombinase is formed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathwayFinal common pathway produces fibrin threads

40. Extrinsic PathwayDamaged tissues leak tissue factor (thromboplastin) into bloodstreamProthrombinase forms in secondsIn the presence of Ca+2, clotting factor X combines with V to form prothrombinase

41. Intrinsic PathwayActivation occursendothelium is damaged & platelets come in contact with collagen of blood vessel wallplatelets damaged & release phospholipidsRequires several minutes for reaction to occurSubstances involved: Ca+2 and clotting factors XII, X and V

42. Final Common PathwayProthrombinase and Ca+2 catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombinThrombinin the presence of Ca+2 converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threadsactivates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII positive feedback effects of thrombinaccelerates formation of prothrombinaseactivates platelets to release phospholipids

43. Anticoagulants and Thrombolytic AgentsAnticoagulants suppress or prevent blood clottingheparinadministered during hemodialysis and surgerywarfarin (Coumadin)antagonist to vitamin K so blocks synthesis of clotting factorsslower than heparinstored blood in blood banks treated with citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) that removes Ca+2Thrombolytic agents are injected to dissolve clotsdirectly or indirectly activate plasminogenstreptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

44. Blood group antigens