Paul Markowski Pennsylvania State University Bob DaviesJones Emeritus NSSL Consider two parcels following the same trajectory Also assume that the parcels lie on the same vortex line A B ID: 524142
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Can a gust front tilt horizontal vortex ..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Can a gust front tilt horizontal vortex lines to produce a tornado?
Paul
Markowski
Pennsylvania State University
Bob Davies-Jones
Emeritus, NSSLSlide2
Consider two parcels following the same trajectory. Also assume that the parcels lie on the same vortex line.
A
B
In an
inviscid
, barotropic flow, vortex lines move as material lines (vortex lines are ‘‘frozen’’ into the fluid and behave like elastic strings that the flow moves, stretches, and reorients)
At some later time, the parcels have moved and the segment of the vortex line moves as a material line according to the trajectories of the parcels.
Hermann von Helmholtz
(1821–1894)
Helmholtz’ (1858) theoremSlide3
In an
inviscid
, barotropic flow, vortex lines move as material lines (vortex lines are ‘‘frozen’’ into the fluid and behave like elastic strings that the flow moves, stretches, and reorients)
Consider two parcels following the same trajectory. Also assume that the parcels lie on the same vortex line.
At some later time, the parcels have moved and the segment of the vortex line moves as a material line according to the trajectories of the parcels.
Helmholtz’ (1858) theoremSlide4
But what if the tilting is extremely abrupt, e.g., a strong gust front tilts vortex lines?
Simpson, J.,1982:
Cumulus rotation: Model and observations of a waterspout-bearing cloud system.
Intense Atmospheric Vortices.
L. Bengtsson and J. Lighthill, Editors. Springer-
Verlag, 161–173.Slide5
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
“Mother of all density currents”—5-km-deep block of cold air with a minimum
q’ of –12 KExtreme low-level shear/horizontal vorticity:
(x0,
h0
, z0) = (–0.02, 0.02, 0.00) s
–1
q’Slide6
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
Just ahead of the almost vertical wall of the density current, warm air rises rapidly (
w
>20 m s
–1 as low as 1 km above ground)
streamlinesSlide7
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
vertical velocity
Just ahead of the almost vertical wall of the density current, warm air rises rapidly (
w
>
20
m
s
–1
as low as 1 km above ground)Slide8
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
Environmental vortex lines turn abruptly upward at the leading edge of the density current, but the peak
z
(0.02 s–1) is located well aloft at 3 km.
Despite the large environmental
x in the lowest 1 km, the maximum z
at 25 m (the lowest scalar level) in the warm air ahead of the density current is only 0.001 s–1
.vortex linesSlide9
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
vertical vorticity
Environmental vortex lines turn abruptly upward at the leading edge of the density current, but the peak
z
(0.02 s
–1
) is located well aloft at 3 km.
Despite the large environmental
x
in the lowest 1 km, the maximum
z
at 25 m (the lowest scalar level) in the warm air ahead of the density current is only 0.001 s–1
.Slide10
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
The culprit: a stagnation high is present at the surface at the leading edge of the density current
Warm parcels encounter an adverse pressure gradient and decelerate as they get within about 2 km of the gust front.
pressure
HSlide11
Simulation of density current in environment having strong zonal and
meridional
shear
Parcels are compressed in the east-west direction (and stretched vertically to conserve mass).
The magnitude of x
in the lowest 100 m decreases from 0.02 s
–1 to 0.002
s–1 by the time the streamlines turn upward at the density current’s leading edge.
For a steady density current, it can be shown that x ∝
u and z
∝
w.
zonal vorticitySlide12
Conclusions
It cannot be argued that because there is large amount of horizontal vorticity in a surface-based layer in the environment, abrupt tilting of it at an “obstacle” (such as a gust front or topographical barrier) will produce similar strength vertical vorticity very close to the surface.
Linear thinking (i.e., assuming that horizontal vorticity is unmodified from environmental values) is misleading in this case
because the abrupt tilting is unavoidably associated locally with a stagnation flow that greatly compresses the horizontal vortex tubes prior to tilting.Slide13
Summary
The results are consistent with the Dahl et al. (2012) trajectory study, which found that
only outflow parcels entered the near-surface vortices of their simulated
supercells
Dahl et al. (2012)
Trajectories entering the vortex
Trajectories originating in the inflowSlide14
Point of clarification
Note, however, that in papers that have tracked material circuits, the circuits are
much broader
than the core radius of the near-surface
mesocyclone
(and in some studies the circuits are also several hundred meters above the surface)These circuits extend into the inflow at the
start
of the backward trajectory calculations; thus, some of the parcels comprising the material circuits really do come from the inflow
i.e., just because a material circuit has large positive circulation at its starting point surrounding a mesocyclone doesn’t imply that every parcel comprising the material circuit has positive vorticity (or even contributes positively to the circulation)
inflow
inflow
outflow
outflow
Rotunno
&
Klemp
(1985)