Grammar - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Grammar Slide2

Components to cover:

PUNCTUATIONSCONTEXT CLUESSlide3

WHAT IS PUNCTUATION?

Punctuation is "the use of spacing, conventional signs, and certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and correct reading, both silently and aloud, of handwritten and printed texts.Slide4

TYPES OF PUNCTUATIONS?

Apostrophes to show contractions

Apostrophes to show possession

Possessive pronouns

Apostrophes to show unusual plurals

Apostrophes activities

Colons

Semicolons

Punctuation which adds information

Brackets

Dashes

CommasSlide5

THE IMPORTNACE OF GOOD PUNCTUATIONS?

Punctuation is one of the most important aspects of written English, and yet punctuation is one that is taken the most lightly. It is, in fact, this feature of writing that gives meaning to the written word, much like pauses and changes in tones of the voice when speaking. An error in punctuation can convey a completely different meaning to the one that is intended.Slide6

Example

I

t

’

s

is short for

It is.

We

’

ll is short for we will or we shall.Can’t is short for cannot. 

APOSTROPHES

Apostrophes

(

’

) are the most commonly misused punctuation mark. They have three main uses. They show:

contractions

possession

unusual

plurals

Contractions are shortened forms of words which have letters missing. The apostrophe is used in place of the missing

letters.Slide7

Example

1. Megan

’s

pet tarantula is called

Mogg

.

2.

Mogg

’s owner is called Megan.3. All of the bus’s seats are full. APOSTROPHES TO SHOW POSSESSIONS Apostrophes are also used to show possession: who or what owns something

.

Adding an apostrophe and an

s

after a person, place or thing shows that he/she/it are the owner of the other noun in the

sentence.

. Slide8

Example

1. His

new car is better than mine.

The bird flapped

its

wings.

Is my drawing better than

hers

?Are these books the same as yours? Shall we use your plates or ours?Ben prefers our home to theirs.7. Whose chocolate bar is this?

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

The exception to the apostrophe rule are these

possessive pronouns

which show possession without apostrophes: Slide9

Example

There

is one

c

and two

s

’s

in the word

necessary

.Continental 7’s are scored with horizontal lines.You must mind your p’s and q’s around strangers.Your mobile phone number is easy to remember because there are three 0’s in it.

My postcode has two

B

’s

in it.

UNUSUAL PRONOUNS

The

final use of apostrophes is to show unusual plurals, such as number, letters and symbols, which would be unreadable otherwise,Slide10

Example

A hamburger is made up of three layers

:

the bottom half of the bun, the burger and the top half of the bun

.

The environment is facing a huge threat

:

global warming.

COLONSA colon (:) shows that the words which follow it are an explanation or an example of what is written before itA colon is usually placed after a complete sentence but it can be followed by many or few word.Colons are placed directly after the last word of the main idea and they are followed by one space only. They are

never

followed by either a hyphen (

-

) or a dash (

–

).Slide11

Example

Eating

chocolate in moderation is fine

;

eating chocolate to excess is

bad.

It

was the best year

;

it was the worst year.Max felt hot; the sun was blazing.I don’t like cabbage; I don’t like carrots.I found the film long; Tim found the film short. SEMI-COLON

A

semicolon (

;

) joins two complete sentences into one

.

This is because some sentences are too closely related to be separated by a full stop but they are missing a connecting word, such as

and

or

but.Slide12

Example

Charlie Johnson (aged 21 years) has (unfortunately) played for Charlton for three seasons.’

BRACKETS

Brackets allow you to add extra information to a sentence, which is

useful

but not necessary

or to add your

opinionSlide13

Example

The countess glared at the maid

–

who had stolen the heart of her husband

–

and threw a silver hairbrush at her.’

DASHES

Pairs of dashes allow writers to

strongly interrupt

the flow of a sentence to provide their readers with useful information.The extra information is placed between the dashes for emphasis, but the sentence should also make sense alone.Slide14

Example

Mexico, assumed

by many to be a South American

country,

is in North America.

Saint

Patrick,

also patron saint of excluded

people,

is the patron saint of Ireland.The Moon, although it floats in space like the Earth, is not a planet.Bulls, despite the fact that they will attack a red cloak, are colour-blind.A tomato, although a fruit, is usually eaten on a salad.

COMMAS

Sometimes, we want to add information to make our writing clearer, without distracting the reader from the

sentence.Slide15

Example

You

cook, and I’ll do the dishes.

I’ll cook and do the dishes.

CAPITALIZATIONS

Always capitalize the first word of a

sentence.

Except in special cases (

e.e. cummings), always capitalize proper names or official titles.Preserve capitalization in quotations unless you have good reason for doing otherwise (a publisher’s standards, for instance). If you must change the case of a letter, put the letter in brackets.Do not capitalize abstract nouns.

\Slide16

Example

I

have ninety-four Penguin editions

.

The woman was an African American.

 The woman was African-American

.

I like literature from the nineteenth century.  I like nineteenth-century literature.

HYPHENS

Hyphens create compound words.Hyphens make adjectives out of nouns.Do NOT use hyphens to introduce quotations.Slide17

ACTIVITY 1Rewrite these sentences to correct their punctuation

errors, and describe briefly the error you've corrected.1. The coach's retirement party—which isn't scheduled yet, will be sometime next week.2. We arent

going to give him any gifts, he said he didn't want any.

3. Who's parents will be the chaperones at our after game party.

4. The refreshment list includes these fruits and vegetables, apples, oranges, pineapple, carrots and celery sticks.

5.The crowds screams filled the auditorium and practically raised it's roof.Slide18

ACTIVITY 1Rewrite these sentences to correct their punctuation

errors, and describe briefly the error you've corrected.6.School ends this year on the twenty third of May, we'll have plenty of time to relax this summer.7.Do you know whether the game starts at 8 or at 8.30?8.I said to my parents This is the most important game of the season and I have to go to it.

9.The teams best efforts will be in evidence during this last game.

10.Because school spirit is really important to the outcome of the game we hope the team feels the spirit coming from the stand's.Slide19

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 11

. The coach's retirement party—which isn't scheduled yet—will be sometime next week.Incomplete use of dash2. We aren't going to give him any gifts; he said he didn't want any.Apostrophe missing from contraction; missing semicolon3. Whose

parents will be the chaperones at our after-game party?

Incorrect use of pronoun; missing hyphen; missing question mark

4

. The

refreshment list includes these fruits and vegetables:

apples, oranges,

pineapple, carrots, and celery sticks.

Missing colon; missing series commaSlide20

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1

5. The crowd's screams filled the auditorium and practically raised its roof.Plural noun should be a possessive; contraction of it's used instead of correct its6. School ends this year on the twenty-third of May; we'll have plenty of time to relax this summer.Hyphen needed in twenty-third; semicolon needed for compound sentence

7

. Do

you know whether the game starts at 8 or at 8:30?

Colon needed in time 8:30Slide21

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1

8. I said to my parents, "This is the most important game of the season and I have to go to it."Direct quotation requires introductory comma and quotation marks9. The team's best efforts will be in evidence during this last game.Possessive requires apostrophe

10

. Because

school spirit is really important to the outcome of the game, we hope the team feels the spirit coming from the stands.

Comma required after dependent introductory clause; incorrect possessive instead of plural of the word standSlide22

WHAT IS A CONTEXT CLUE?

Context clues are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence. Slide23

TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUE?

Synonym A synonym, or word with the same meaning, is used in the sentence. My opponent's argument is fallacious, misleading – plain wrong.  ExplanationThe unknown word is explained within the sentence or in a sentence immediately preceding.

The patient is so somnolent that she requires medication to help her stay awake for more than a short time

.

Antonym

A word or group of words that has the opposite meaning reveals the meaning of an unknown term.

Although some men are loquacious, others hardly talk at all.

ExampleSpecific examples are used to define the term.Celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, are governed by predictable laws. Slide24

SOME MORE TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUE?

DefinitionRestatement or SynonymContrast or AntonymComparison

Example

List or Series

Cause and EffectSlide25

Example

Entomology

is

the study of insects.

Archaeology

is

the scientific study of prehistoric cultures by excavation of their remains.

DEFINITION

The unknown word is explained by using a more familiar word or phraseSlide26

Example

Meat eaters,

that is

carnivores

, are at the top of

the food chain.

The

goslings

--

those fuzzy baby geese--waddled after their mother.She enjoyed biology (the study of living things).RESTATEMENT OF SYNONYMThe meaning is usually right after the unfamiliar word and often separated from the rest of the sentence with commas, dashes, or parentheses; sometimes, or that is, or in other words

is used.Slide27

Example

My brother is

enthralled

by birds

similar

to

the way that I am

fascinated

by insects.COMPARISON

The unfamiliar word is shown to be the same as or like another word;

too, like, as, similar to,

or

in the same way

may be used to signal the comparison.Slide28

Example

Mike’s parrot was

loquacious

, but

Maria’s said

very

little

.

CONTRAST OR ANTONYMThe unfamiliar word is shown to be different from or unlike another word, and is often an opposite; but, however, although, otherwise, unless, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, while, never, no, or not may be used to signal contrast.Slide29

Example

The archeologist found different

amulets

,

such

as

a

rabbit’s foot

and bags of herbs, near the ancient altar.EXAMPLEThe unfamiliar word is cleared up by giving an example; for instance, such as, and for example may be used as signals.Slide30

Example

North American

predators

include

grizzly

bears

, pumas, wolves

, and

foxes.LIST OF SERIESThe unfamiliar word is included in a series of related words that give an idea of the word’s meaning.Slide31

Example

Due to

a

dearth

of termites,

the aardvark

starved

to death.CAUSE AND EFFECTThe meaning of an unfamiliar word is signaled by a cause and-effect relationship between ideas in the text.Slide32

ACTIVITY 1Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word, and identify the type of context clue

used:Our baseball team's pitcher has a few eccentric habits, such as throwing exactly thirteen warm-up pitches and never wearing socks.A) normal

B) strange

C) messySlide33

ACTIVITY 1Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word, and identify the type of context clue

used:2. After the heavy rains, the stream became murky; in fact, the water was so cloudy you couldn't see the bottom.A) cloudy

B) bottomless

C) clearSlide34

ACTIVITY 1Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word, and identify the type of context clue

used:3. The debris on the stadium floor included numerous paper cups, ticket stubs, and cigarette butts.A) products

B) papers

C) trashSlide35

ACTIVITY 1Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word, and identify the type of context clue

used:4. The coach takes every opportunity to censure his players, yet he ignores every opportunity to praise them.

A) approve of

B) criticize

C) chooseSlide36

ACTIVITY 1Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word, and identify the type of context clue

used:5. Although Alex usually looks unkempt, he had a very neat appearance at his job interview.A) orderly

B) handsome

C) messySlide37

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 2

1. B clue: example2. A clue: definition3. C clue: example

4. B clue:

contrast

5. A clue:

contrastSlide38

The end