Standard 6 Key Concepts in Industrialization and Development Objective A Economic Sectors Primary W here people collect or harvest natural resources Logging fishing hunting and farming are all examples of primary industries ID: 363662
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Slide1
Industrialization and Development
Standard 6Slide2
Key Concepts in Industrialization and Development
Objective ASlide3
Economic Sectors
Primary
W
here people collect or harvest natural resources. Logging, fishing, hunting, and farming are all examples of primary industries.
Secondary
P
rocess the raw materials collected by primary industries, turning those materials into consumable products. Weaving is a secondary industry because it transforms cotton or wool fibers into textiles, which people can use.Slide4
Economic Sectors
Tertiary
These are the service industries, like restaurants and retail.
This can get confusing if one person raises sheep, weaves their wool into sweaters, and then sells those sweaters from a small store in town; not only is that person involved in primary, secondary,
and
tertiary industries, she's also probably exhausted from all of that hard work.
Quaternary
Involve executive decision-making jobs, higher education, and research.
Anyone who wears a suit or a lab coat to work is probably in a quaternary or
quinary
industry. Slide5
Specialization of a Place
Competitive Edge: Enjoyed by one place over another.
Lower production cost
Cheap land
Cheap labor
Cheaper raw material
Market to finished productSlide6
Comparative Advantage
Maquiladoras: Mexican factories on the US-Mexico Boarder
Advantage:
Mexico is eager to attract foreign capital
and create jobs at home
Mexico has made investment in having companies come to Mexico with Tax benefit and lax employment safety
Tariffs are low in MexicoWorkers are paid less and work more hours in MexicoSlide7
Apparel Production and Jobs in the United StatesSlide8
Transport and Communication
Without the ability to move goods economic development cannot occur.
Transportation and communication systems are specially designed
Railroads
Roads
Airports
TV stations
Telephone linesInternet Slide9
Industrial Location
Location principles are all based around one key goal: minimize the price of production.
Least Cost Theory: businesses try to maximize profit by minimizing production costs. Finding a way to minimize these production costs depends heavily on where a particular facility is located. Slide10
Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization
Objective BSlide11
Industrial Revolution
Started in 1800’s
Technology changed from Cottage Industries to high tech Machinery
Britain is the first place to IndustrializeSlide12
Diffusion of the Industrial RevolutionSlide13
Industrial RegionsSlide14
Industrial Areas in EuropeSlide15
Industrial Areas in North AmericaSlide16
Energy and Technology
Britain, provided the perfect conditions—climate, resources,
demand
, and so forth—to foster innovation. (Coal, Waterways)
New Technology: Spinning Jenny, Steam Engine
Machines were cheaper and more durable, skilled labors were not neededSlide17
Diffusion of Economic Cores and Peripheries
Cores: center of economic activity
Peripheries: area on the boundary of the core
Core Periphery Model: one way to express the economic and developmental inequalities among the world's countries.
Diffusion of industrialization: France, Germany, parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, the United States
Colonies were not industrializing so that there was a demand for the industrial productsSlide18
Core and Periphery ModelSlide19
Proximity to inputs
Bulk-reducing industries
Examples:
Copper
Steel
Situation Factors Slide20
Proximity to markets
Bulk-gaining industries
Examples:
Fabricated metals
Beverage production
Single-market manufacturers
Perishable products
Situation FactorsSlide21
Cotton Yarn ProductionSlide22
Production of Women’s BlousesSlide23
Roster’s Stages of Economic Development
Traditional Society:
subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.
Preconditions in Take-off:
society begins to develop manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook.
Take-off
:
short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.
Drive to Maturity:
This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.
Age of high mass consumption:
a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism.Slide24
Contemporary Patterns and Impacts of Industrialization and Diffusion
Objective CSlide25
Spatial Organization of the World Economy
Time-Space Compression
: set of processes that cause the relative distances between places (i.e., as measured in terms of travel time or cost) to contract, effectively making such places grow “closer.”
World Trade Organization
: only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
World Bank
: is a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, and a member of the United Nations Development GroupSlide26
Global ProductionSlide27
Levels of Development
Human Development Index
: Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, combing income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
Gross
Domestic
Product
: is the value of the total output of goods and services produced IN
a country during a year. Literacy Rate: The percentage of a country’s people who can read and writeSlide28
Human Development IndexSlide29
Levels of Development
Gender-Related Development Index
: compares level of development of women with that of both sexes.
Gender Empowerment Measure
: Compares that ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
Less Developed Country
: A country that is at a relatively early stag in the process of economic development.
More Developed Country: A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. Slide30
More and Less Developed RegionsSlide31
Gender-Related Development IndexSlide32
Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Slide33
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)Slide34
Economic Indicator of Empowerment: ProfessionalsSlide35
Deindustrialization
When a former booming area ceases to become an industrial sector.
All this happened at a time when the nation as a whole was becoming wealthier and more developed.
Note that regional trends often seem contradictory in the face of the bigger picture. Because different regions specialize in different industries, however, it makes sense that changes hit some communities harder than others.Slide36
Environmental Effect
The air and water pollution that first began with the Industrial Revolution continues today, and it affects the health and livelihoods of billions of people.
Environmental degradation
associated with industrialization includes greenhouse gas emissions, increased amounts of garbage, and toxic waste dumping
N
egatively affect quality of life by polluting water supplies and making air smoggy.
Climate change also reduces agricultural yield in certain areas and creates new patterns of floods and droughts
Both industrialized and industrializing countries grapple with the issue of alleviating the effects of environmental degradation without crippling human activitiesSlide37
Industrialization and Sustainability
S
ustainability
isn't only about minimizing damage to the environment. It's about developing conscientiously without depleting natural resources and degrading the biosphere.
C
ap-and-trade
programs would punish countries that emit more greenhouse gases than they are allowed
Renewable resources like wind and water energy, which require prohibitively expensive investmentsSlide38
Progress Toward DevelopmentSlide39
Triumph of International Trade ApproachSlide40
Foreign Direct InvestmentSlide41
Government Policies
Examples of government or state actions designed to create a productive environment for economic accumulation, also called regulation, are common.
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) help define global trade regulations
Governments provide development assistance bilaterally or through international agencies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and regional agencies like the Asian Development Bank and the Inter American Development Bank.
S
trategies to attract and maintain investments include the reduction of trade tariffs to promote the free movement of goods, capital, and in some cases labor across national borders