What Will the Rest of the Slides Cover Definitions of development Attributes of lessdeveloped nations Major theories and perspectives on development Causes of poverty Gender roles in the workplace and the place of women in the world economy ID: 512932
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The Developing WorldWhat Will the Rest of the Slides Cover
Definitions of development
Attributes of less-developed nations
Major theories and perspectives on development
Causes of poverty
Gender roles in the workplace and the place of women in the world economy
Successful and unsuccessful development strategiesSlide2
Developing, Less developed, Underdeveloped Concepts
Underdeveloped: situations where resources are not yet developed – but is this a natural condition or a socially-constructed outcome?
Marxists use the phrase underdeveloped to reflect an outcome
Broadly, development entails growth in per capita income and the reduction of poverty
The list of development goals: balanced healthy diet, adequate medical care, environmental sanitation & disease control, labor opportunities commensurate with individual talents, sufficient educational opportunities, individual freedom, decent housing, sustainable economic development, and social and political milieus promoting equality
Development ≠ GrowthSlide3
Most Common Measure of Development: GDP per CapitaSlide4
Per Capita Purchasing Power – A better measure of relative wealthSlide5
Economic structure of the labor force
A richer portrait would indicate % in goods production & % in servicesSlide6
Literacy RateSlide7
Students per teacher in primary schoolsSlide8
Literacy rate of women
Compare Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (for example) w/Figure 14.4Slide9
Health Indicators: Caloric Intake as a percent of daily requirementsSlide10
Health Indicators: Persons per Physician
Inversely correlated with infant mortality rates – see Figure 14.9Slide11
The Geography of AIDSSlide12
Life expectancy at birth – not just correlated with per capita incomeSlide13
Urbanization – rising % of population in cities – Figure 14.14Slide14
Human Development Index = f( life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita, indices of schooling & literacy) Table 14.2Slide15
The “North-South” Split
North (Developed) – South (Developing) Split
A phrase referring to the First and the Third worlds, not really to latitude
Text has good narrative describing characteristics of the Third World in Latin America, Southeast Asia, East Asia (except Japan), South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa
Note exceptions in NIC’s: Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, S. Korea, and TaiwanSlide16
Theory Regarding DevelopmentModernization Theory – rooted in work of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Walter Rostow
Dependency Theory
World-Systems Theories – Immanuel WallersteinSlide17
Every country
can be positioned
at one of
these stages.
Rostow viewed
capitalism
to be the
proper type
of production
system for
this development
sequence.
Critics of
modernization
theorySlide18
Dependency Theory
Argues that the poor / periphery countries remain this way due to colonialism, in which terms of trade were unequal, labor remained unskilled and low-paid, and profit was extracted from colonies
Development of core countries is dependent on the underdevelopment of periphery countries
Imports tend to be high-value goods from the core
Policy to escape this “trap” has emphasized self-reliance, exclusion of TNC’s, promotion of import substitution, debt default
Criticism of dependency theory – sweeping treatment of all peripheral territorySlide19
World Systems Theory: dynamic capitalist relations, hegemonic powerSlide20
Development StrategiesAre based on the concept that developed countries can take actions that will help countries in the periphery
Expansion of trade with less developed countries
Private capital flows
Foreign aid from advanced nations (Figure 14.21)Slide21
Industrialization in the Developing World
East
Asia?Slide22
Industrialization in the Developing World
Very uneven – text notes 40 countries account for 70% of mfg. exports from developing countries. So, most countries have not shared deeply in this industrialization process
Fastest growth in countries shifting from an import substitution to an export-led strategy
Import substitution as a way of getting internal development – but markets are often too small & control often rests with foreign capitalists
Export led development, fueled by low tariffs on imports of inputs & duty-free exports, subsidized infrastructure and physical space, tax holidays, and abundant low-wage laborSlide23
East Asian export processing
And special economic
Zones.
Also located in other countries
Much industrial capacity by
Multinational corporations
With operating systems
Between locally owned firms
And foreign owned companies,
Doing international subcontracting,
Or outsourcing: NikeSlide24
Export-led Industrialization, cont.
Strong reliance on female labor in many of these export platforms, especially in electronics
Sweatshops – often controlled by U.S. corporations such as Wal-Mart—push suppliers to push down costs & keep wages low and work days long (Some companies impose work standards)
East Asian Economic Miracle : education, high national savings, government support, land reform, export-focus, unique corporate institutions, U.S. development policySlide25
Uneven Development in China, India
China is
starting to
develop
strategies
to lead to
more even
Development
India – Fig. 14.26