Photos courtesy RO Megard Ecological approaches to disease management in open pond cultivation systems Val H Smith University of Kansas Lawrence KS Rob McBride Sapphire Energy Inc Tim Crews Land Institute Salina KS ID: 205945
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Slide1
Photos courtesy of R.O. Megard
Photos courtesy R.O. Megard
Ecological
approaches to disease management in
open pond cultivation
systems
Val H. Smith, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Rob McBride, Sapphire Energy, Inc.
Tim Crews, Land Institute, Salina, KSSlide2
Mass cultivation of microalgae for biofuels production
Nutrients and light
Carbon dioxide
(CO
2
)
Phosphate (PO
4
-3
)
Light
Nitrate (NO
3
-
)
Modified from www.fish.
washington
.edu/classes/fish210/data/Lectures/Lecture%2013.ppt
Silicate
(SiO
2
)
This is the vision:
k
mle.co.krSlide3
http://brae.calpoly.edu/CEAE/biofuels.html
And this is what the algal crops will
be
cultivated in:
Closed
photobioreactors
Open pond systems
http://www.sapphireenergy.com/locations/green-crude-farm.htmlSlide4
But the world is full of potentially devastating disease agents…
calanoid‑copepod‑NOAA.jpg
calanoid‑copepod‑NOAA.jpg
Alan Wilson
Chytrids
and other pathogenic fungi
http://
www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/files/images/aformosa.jpg; http://genome.jgi-psf.org/ChlNC64A_1/ChlorellaNC64A.jpg; http://aem.asm.org/content/71/2/629/F5.large.jpg;
(diatom)
Phycoviruses
Chlorella
Cyanophages
CyanobacteriaSlide5
…that can cause major crashes…
Sapphire EnergySlide6
…and the pathogen load can increase in abundance and diversity over time
Sapphire Energy
Sapphire EnergySlide7
The control of infectious disease is a critically important area of researchSlide8
The
u
se of multi-species
polycultures
has important implications for crop stability
Photos courtesy R.O.
MegardSlide9
Increasing algal diversity decreases disease prevalence
Diversity or abundance of diluting species
Disease prevalence (% of total algal cells)
Modified from Johnson
and
Thieltges 2010. J. Exper. Biol. 213: 961-970Slide10
Dilution effects of algal diversity on disease
Specialist pathogen
Highly susceptible single-species monoculture
Pathogen dilution
by diverse, multi-species
polyculture
http://
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
Specialist pathogenSlide11
What about non-chemical control of algal pathogens?Slide12
Biological control has been used since 324 AD!
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Finsects.tamu.edu%2Fstudents%2Fundergrad%2Fento401%2FLecture06-BioControlPrinciples.ppt&ei=xQXXU4uVFJKNyASCoILYBQ&usg=AFQjCNFwueoEDg_BurbMvekfuUXwB26wiw&sig2=sAWxZBIid8Y9lO8j6lmrWg&bvm=bv.71778758,d.aWw&cad=rjaSlide13
Strong effects
of
microconsumers on
chytrid infections of amphibiansWoodhams et al. 2011.
Frontiers in Zoology 8:8; Schmeller et al. 2014. Curr. Biol. 24: 176–180; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.032Slide14
Potential
use of microconsumers
to control chytrid infections of microalgae
Chytrid
zoosporesAbundant
microconsumersFew or no
microconsumers
Prevalence of infected algal cellslow
high
Rotifers
Ciliates
www.aslo.org;
wikipediaSlide15
Where do we go from here?
Explore the effects of algal diversity on disease prevalence and
disease transmissionExplore new, non-chemical methods to control the growth of algal pathogens Design optimal food web structure
to minimize disease prevalence and disease transmissionSlide16
Acknowledgements
Bob Honea, Director, KU TRI
KU Feedstock to Tailpipe teamU.S. DOE and NSF EPSCoR