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Fig1ThesourcesinterconversionsandsinksforHOandROinthetroposphere Table1CalculatedfractionalcontributionofvariousphotolysisratestoradicalproductionOHwithaltitudeforcleanconditionsGround06800Ne. Functional Groups. Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.. Organic halides: . a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen. 9-4. Organic esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids.. Inorganic esters are the analogous derivatives of inorganic acids.. Organic and Inorganic Esters from Alcohols. 9-4. Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to give organic esters.. Functional Groups. Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.. Organic halides: . a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen. 11-1. Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond.. The general formula of an alkene is C. n. H. 2n. , the same as for a cycloalkane.. Common nomenclature for alkenes replaces the corresponding alkane suffix –ane with -ylene. . Alkanes. Dr. . Shatha. I . Alaqeel. 1. 108 . Chem. Learning Objectives. Chapter one discusses the following topics and the student by the end of this chapter will:. . Know the classification of hydrocarbon. 240 . Chem. 1. The expressing . aromatic compounds . came to mean . benzene. . and derivatives of benzene. .. . Structure of Benzene: Resonance Description. C. 6. H. 6. It contains a six-membered ring and three additional degrees of unsaturation.. When an alkane has four or more carbon atoms, the atoms can be arranged so that a side group called a . branch . or. . substituent. . . is attached to a carbon chain.. Learning Goal . . Write the IUPAC names for alkanes with substituents and draw their condensed and line-angle structural formulas. . aromatische Substitution. Additions-Eliminierungs-Mechanismus. Ausgangs- und Endverbindung sind aromatisch.. Zwischenstufe ist nicht aromatisch, die positive Ladung kann aber. mesomer. stabilisiert werden.. The . parent name . indicates the number of carbons in the . longest continuous chain. .. The . suffix. indicates what . functional group. is present.. The . prefix. tells us the identity, location, and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain.. Alkanes-. Alkenes-. Alkynes-. Cycloalkanes- . alkanes in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in rings. General Formulas. Alkanes- C. n. H. 2n 2. Alkenes- C. n. H. 2n. Alkynes- C. n. H. Hydrocarbon: . A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen.. Saturated hydrocarbon: . A hydrocarbon containing only single bonds.. Alkane:. A saturated hydrocarbon whose carbons are arranged in a open chain.. 12.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic chemistry : Study of hydrocarbons (only carbon and hydrogen atoms) and their various derivatives. – Examples: natural gas, pe Substituents. can have a profound influence on the dissociation of benzoic acid.. Thus . substituents. can have influence on the acidity of benzoic acid.. Hammett equation attempts to quantify this influence of . D. r. . Zamir G Khan . Assistant Professor . H R Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, (M.S) 425405. Copyright @ Mr. Z G Khan. 2. If benzene is 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene as .