World History Week 3 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

World History Week 3

Chapters 8-11Slide2

The Middle of the EastSlide3

A Brief History of Persia

While Europe was having its own struggles, the Middle East was constantly warring for control.

The first empire in the Middle East was Assyria, which was soon defeated by Babylonia.

They were in turn defeated by Persia, which was defeated by Alexander the Great and the Macedonian army.

After Alexander died, his general Seleucus took over the Persian part of his empire.

However, Seleucus and his descendants

the Seleucids were not able to keep their

enemies out.Slide4

A Brief History of Persia, II

A small part of the Seleucid Empire broke off. They called their small kingdom Parthia.

The Parthians soon overcame the weak Seleucids and became the largest empire in the Middle East.

However, their sovereignty was short lived, as the Parthian kings took to arguing and quarreling with their noblemen.

A Parthian nobleman soon came to control, and he started the Sassanid Dynasty of Persia. They

ruled the center part of Persia for many years.

However, Mohammed and his Muslim

followers took over the Sassanid Dynasty.Slide5

A (not so) Brief History of Persia, III

Soon, Turks began to settle. Some Turks called Ghaznavids rejected their Muslim rule and took over.

Their rule, like the Seleucids, was short lived.

They were soon defeated by the seemingly undefeatable Mongols coming from the East.

Finally, a man named Ismail gathered his people (who were called the Safavids) and rebelled against the Mongols.Slide6

Abbas, Ismail’s Grandson

Abbas was one of Safavid’s greatest “Shah” or ruler.

When he was still very young, his uncle (who wanted to be Shah himself) seized the throne and ordered all other heirs executed.

Luckily for Abbas, his uncle hosted a large party in celebration, and drank so much alcohol that he died.

Abbas was determined to strengthen the Safavid Empire, so he tried to make peace with the nearby, very war-like, Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire thought that Abbas

was afraid of war.Slide7

Abbas Trains His Army

The Persian army was very disorganized.

So Abbas decided to train them, and hired English soldier Sir Robert Sherley.

Sir Sherley taught the army to use English weaponry such as firearms. They divided the army into the same parts as the English army.

After several years, the Persian army was ready for a fight!

The Persian army crushed the Ottoman one,

and even regained much of the land the

Safavid Empire had lost.Slide8

Abbas Renews Trading in Persia

Now that Abbas had won a victory against the Ottoman Turks, Abbas decided to renew trading in Persia.

Persia’s best trading port, an island in the Persian Gulf, had been conquered by the Portuguese.

Abbas defeated the Portuguese and won back the island.

Then Abbas invited Chinese craftsmen to renew the art of silk and carpet-making.

He also built more ways to travel through

his empire.

His port, Bandar Abbas, still exists in

Persia, or modern-day Iran.Slide9

Abbas’ Death

As Abbas secured the boarders of his empire, he became very fearful.

He continually suspected that his noblemen were plotting against him.

He even had his own son executed!

W

hen Abbas died at age seventy, he left an empire saved.

However, he died overwhelmed

with grief and guilt.Slide10

A Brief History of the Ottoman Empire

The Seljuk Turks had rebelled against their Muslim rulers, founding their own empire.

The Turks were fearless, and conquered many countries.

However, the Turks were nomads, and they were not very good at maintaining order and making laws.

That is, until a ruler named Osman came along.

Soon, a new Turkish Empire appeared.

Under Osman’s rule, the Ottoman Empire

grew to not only Asia, but also Europe.

Unfortunately, the Ottoman Empire grew

too big, and, like the Roman Empire, it

weakened.Slide11

Sultan Murad

As the Safavid Empire grew, the Ottoman Empire shrank.

When Shah Abbas was already old and well-known, a young boy named Murad was next in line for the Sultan.

When Murad became the Sultan, or emperor of the Ottoman Empire, he was only eleven years old.

His mother helped him rule for ten years until he was twenty-one years old.

When Murad was twenty-three years old,

the Ottoman army revolted.

They wanted to rule.Slide12

The Grand Vizier

The Ottoman army told Murad to hand over his Grand Vizier, or the Prime Minister to them.

The Grand Vizier was Murad’s best friend. Murad didn’t want to hand his friend over.

But the Grand Vizier said, “Sultan, let a thousand slaves like me perish for the safety of your throne. I will dye a martyr—and the guilt for my blood will be on their heads.”

So the Ottoman army killed the Grand Vizier.

Murad knew that he would be next.

So he pretended to agree to their

commands. Slide13

Murad Gets His Revenge

Murad secretly sent spies to see who had started the revolt.

The spies told that Rejeb Pasha, one of Murad’s officials was their leader.

Rejeb Pasha was already the new Grand Vizier!

So Murad told Rejeb Pasha that he wished to see him.

When Rejeb Pasha stepped into Murad’s room, Murad ordered a group of his assassins to

murder him.

Then the assassins threw Rejeb Pasha’s

head into a group of rebel soldiers.

The soldiers became frightened and they

ran away. Slide14

Murad’s Fierce Rule

Word got around that Murad was no longer a weak little boy!

Murad sent his spies around the city to find and kill all of the rebel soldiers.

He closed all of the taverns permanently.

Murad’s ruthlessness grew, however it also helped to stop the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

Finally, Murad died at the young age of twenty-eight.

However, like Shah Abbas, he too left behind

an empire saved from destruction.Slide15

The western warSlide16

Charles the V

Charles the V was the Holy Roman Emperor.

When he died, he gave his empire to his son Philip and his brother Ferdinand.

Ferdinand eventually became the new Holy Roman Emperor.

When he died, his empire was given to his son Maximilian, who in turn gave the empire to his son, Matthias.

Matthias died without having a child, and so the land was given to Matthias’ cousin,

Ferdinand.Slide17

Ferdinand’s Catholicism

The Kingdom of Germany was made up of territories, each ruled by a prince.

Each prince was able to decide if their territory was Catholic or Protestant.

Many German princes were Protestant

However, Ferdinand, like Charles V, was a devout Catholic.

He passed laws against Protestantism.

This made the German Protestant princes very unhappy, most of all the princes of

Bohemia.Slide18

The Men are Defenestrated I

These unhappy Bohemian princes met in the Bohemian city of Prague to protest the Catholic laws.

However, Ferdinand had left Germany on a vacation, and had left two officials in charge of his company.

The two officials were not sure what they should do with this large crowd of angry Protestant princes.

The Bohemians decided to (try to) kill the two officials and take the throne.

The two officials ran and hid in a room until the princes came and found them.

Then the princes tossed the officials out

of the window.Slide19

The Holy Roman Emperor

That is why this event is sometimes called the

Defenestration of Prague, as defenestration basically

means to throw someone out of a window.

The officials got up

unharmed and ran away.

The Protestant princes now considered themselves free from the Catholic rule of Ferdinand.

Then Ferdinand returned from his vacation.

Ferdinand was only the king of Germany, but he wanted to be the Holy Roman Emperor.

In order to be the Holy Roman Emperor,

you had to be voted in by electors, and three

of the electors were Protestant rebels.Slide20

Ferdinand Makes War

Ferdinand knew that he needed the Protestant votes.

He told his allies, Austria and Spain, to muster two large armies and attack Bohemia.

Bohemia was easily defeated. Ferdinand killed the leaders of the mob.

Then he gave all of the Protestant land to his Catholic followers.

Then he forced the Protestants to vote for him as the Holy Roman Emperor.

However, other Protestants who were not

part of the rebellion were not happy with all

this Protestant land being given to Catholics.Slide21

Christian IV of Denmark

James I of England and Christian IV of Denmark were worried Protestants.

They didn’t want Germany, Spain, and Austria to come and attack their lands!

So Christian decided to attack them first, to defend Protestantism, though secretly he hoped to win some German land for himself.

James and some of the German Protestants sent him some soldiers and the army set off.

However, Ferdinand had hired a new,

fierce general.Slide22

Albert of Wallenstein

Ferdinand hired Albert of Wallenstein as a general.

Albert loved war, and many people called him ruthless.

He quickly defeated the Danish, English, and Protestant German army.

Christian IV was forced to flee for his life.

But that was not the end of the wars against Ferdinand.

Gustavus II, the king of Sweden, was also a Protestant.

He didn’t want Ferdinand forcing his kingdom

to become Catholic also.Slide23

Gustavus II

Gustavus was better prepared for the war than Christian IV.

He decided that it would be better to attack Ferdinand instead of waiting for Ferdinand to attack him.

Gustavus paid his soldiers money so that they would remain loyal to his army.

He clothed them warmly and trained them well.

He was the first to clothe all of his soldiers in the same uniform, so that they could easily recognize each other.

Finally, the army was ready for war!Slide24

Gustavus Attacks

Gustavus’ army was strong, loyal, and well prepared, and they seemed the clear winner

When Gustavus made it to Germany, he convinced the Protestant princes to join him in the war.

They created the Protestant Union.

They stormed into Germany, and were almost to the capital city of Vienna.

Ferdinand ordered Albert assassinated and hired Johann Tserclaes as the new general.

However, Gustavus himself was killed, and

the Protestant Union fell without his leadership.

The German Protestants asked Ferdinand

for peace, as the war had been going on

for sixteen yearsSlide25

The War Rages On

Ferdinand slowly made peace with his enemies.

In the seventeenth year of the battle, Ferdinand and the Protestant princes agreed that the princes should be able to decide whether their territory was Catholic or Protestant.

Of course, this agreement already existed before the war, so not much progress was really made in seventeen years.

However, the war was called the “thirty years war”, and thirty years had not passed...yet.

The war would go on!Slide26

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu was the Prime Minister of France.

He saw the Ferdinand had been greatly weakened by the war.

He thought that the title of Holy Roman Emperor should belong the king of France, not of Germany!

Soon after, France declared war on Ferdinand.

So the fighting went on. Spain, the Netherlands, and Sweden re-joined the war.

Finally, Ferdinand, and later Richelieu, died.

Without anything to war about, the countries

slowly made peace.Slide27

The Peace of Westphalia

For four years, a peace was slowly arranged.

Finally, thirty years after the war started, the countries established the Peace of Westphalia

Some German land went to Sweden and France.

Each German territory now had the right to govern themselves.

However, even with this peace, the war went on.

France and Spain were still fighting, and did so for eleven more years.

In other words, the thirty years’ war lasted

forty-one years.Slide28

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The Catholic Go to Japan

While the Thirty Years’ War was going on, Catholic missionaries called Jesuits were visiting Japan.

Many Japanese daimyo became Christians, although many refused to.

When Tokugawa Ieyasu heard of these Christians, he asked his Western advisor, William Adams what he thought of the missionaries.

William Adams had arrived on Japan on a Dutch merchant ship, but Ieyasu had asked him to stay as an advisor for the European trade.

However, like most Dutch, he was a devout Protestant. Slide30

Japan’s First Step of Isolation

William hated all Catholics, so he told Ieyasu to beware of the missionaries.

William told Ieyasu that Spaniards would send merchants, then missionaries, and finally their army.

That was how, he said, Spain conquered countries.

Ieyasu believed William. He worried that the Catholic Japanese would not fight when the Spanish came.

So Ieyasu enforced laws against Catholicism.

Then he chased all foreign missionaries out

of the country.Slide31

Tokugawa Hidetada

When Ieyasu died, his son Hidetada took over the position of shogun in Japan.

Hidetada continued to outlaw Christianity in Japan.

Hidetada executed all Christians and threw all the Catholic missionaries that refused to leave into jail.

Then his son, Tokugawa Iemitsu became the shogun.

Iemitsu did not want the Japanese going to foreign lands and learning more about this Catholic religion.

So he did not allow any Japanese go any

farther than Korea, which was just across

the water.Slide32

Iemitsu Isolates Japan

Even with these rules, Christianity still flourished.

So Iemitsu, desperate that Christianity be outlawed entirely in Japan, completely isolated Japan.

He did not allow any shipbuilders to build any ships large enough to travel the ocean, or they would be executed.

A

ny Japanese citizens who had been visiting other countries were put to death, for fear that they would influence others with foreign religions.

Any Japanese citizens who wanted to leave

the country were executed.Slide33

The Christians Revolt

The Christians at Shimabara, a city near Nagasaki (an important port city) revolted.

However, they were quickly driven into a nearby castle, where they starved without food and water.

Finally, the Christian rebels surrendered and were put to death.

Iemitsu then created even more laws against Christianity.

He outlawed all merchant ships to dock at Japan.

He only allowed the Protestant Dutch to

come to Japan, and they were confined to

a special island specifically for them.

For the next century, the Japanese were

entirely isolated from the rest of the world.Slide34

The Ming and Manchu

While the Tokugawa dynasty was busy outlawing all of the Catholics, China was busy with troubles of their own.

The Ming dynasty had ruled China for many years.

The Ming came from south China, where the people were called the Han Chinese.

However, in the north side of China, the people called the Manchuria were unhappy with the Ming rule.

They wanted to rule China themselves.

The leader of these Manchu people

complained about the government and the

Han Soldiers.Slide35

The Ming Empire

The Ming Empire was already crumbling.

The emperors had needed to spend plenty of money to defeat Hideyoshi in Japan.

China was also growing, and there was not enough farmland for everyone to eat.

An unexpected frost had ruined many crops, and soldiers were deserting their army.

The Manchu had already begin attacking cities in the north side of China.

Finally, the Han Chinese were angry that

the government was not helping them.Slide36

Li Tzu-ch’eng

Meanwhile, a Chinese government official named Li Tzu-ch’eng wanted to set up his own government.

He gathered an army of angry, hungry soldiers and marched towards the capital.

H

e and his army waited at the city gates for the Ming army to march upon them.

However, no army approached them!

The army carefully pushed open the city gates, to find that plague had stricken the army.

All of the Ming soldiers had died or fled from

the city.

As Li Tzu-ch’eng approached the castle,

the last Ming emperor hung himself.Slide37

The Manchu Take the Throne

The remainders of the Ming family gathered in south China for a meeting.

They sent a message to the Manchu, asking them for help to toss Li Tzu-ch’eng out of the castle.

This was a bad idea. The Manchu did help them to remove Li Tzu-ch’eng from the throne, but instead of giving the throne to the Ming, they took the throne for themselves.

Although the now un-liked Ming family no longer held the throne, a non-Han Chinese emperor was

now on the throne.Slide38

The Manchu and the Han

The Manchu considered themselves superior to the Han Chinese.

They would not eat the same food, play together, live in the same houses or even neighborhoods, or marry.

They even forced the Han to have the same hairstyles.

The Manchu took the Han to be their slaves.

The Emperor made his Manchu countrymen officials and forced the Han to serve them.

That is, until K’ang-hsi arrived.Slide39

K’ang-hsi

K’ang-hsi was the second Manchu emperor of China.

He ascended to the throne when he was only seven years old.

His regents treated the Han Chinese the same way the first Manchu emperor had.

However, K’ang-hsi knew that the Manchu were far outnumbered in population to the Han.

When K’ang-hsi became the emperor at the age of thirteen, he fired his regents.

Then he told everyone that all of his subjects

whether they were Han or Manchu, could gain

favor and respect.Slide40

China is Strengthened

K’ang-hsi also told the Han that the Manchu had not actually conquered them.

He told the Han that, now, the Han would not have to worry about Ming soldiers stealing their food or demanding high taxes.

The Han were very happy with this new, if foreign, government.

Then K’ang-hsi lowered taxes, and the Han were paying the lowest taxes they had ever paid.

The hatred for the Manchu disappeared.

Under K'ang-hsi fifty-year rule, China

flourished.Slide41

The Moghul emperors of IndiaSlide42

Babur and the Moghul Empire

A prince named Babur, and a relative of the great Mongol Genghis Khan, once traveled down to India

There he formed a new empire called the Moghul Empire, because its ancestors were Mongols.

One emperor’s name, a descendent of Babur, was World Seizer (that was what he was called, but his real name was Jahangir.)

He was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.

However, he also knew what he needed

to do in order to make his empire thrive.Slide43

The English Come to India

World Seizer knew that he needed to establish a trading port.

So he allowed the English (under the rule, at that time, of King James I) to trade at the Indian ports

He allowed the first English ambassador to come to India.

The English ambassador was amazed at the wealth of India.

Apparently, on Jahangir’s son (Khurram)’s birthday,

palace servant poured out

Khurram’s

weight

in

gold and

spices and gave them to the poor.Slide44

The King of the World

When Khurram grew up, he became Shah Jahan, or King of the World.

Like is father, he continued to grow the Moghul Empire’s boundaries.

Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal, often traveled with him, and helped him establish order and laws.

However, only three years after Shah Jahan had become emperor, Mumtaz Mahal died.

Shah Jahan was very sad.

Eventually, he decided to build a large tomb,

or mausoleum, to honor his diseased wife.

This tomb took twenty years to finish.

Shah Jahan named it the Taj Mahal.Slide45

Aurangzeb and Dara

During this sad period for Shah Jahan, his four sons (he also had nine daughters) ruled.

Aurangzeb was the best at conquering.

However, Shah Jahan’s favorite was his son Dara, who was pretty much the seventeenth-century equivalent of a couch potato.

Finally, Shah Jahan announced his heir would be Dara.

Aurangzeb was very, very, very mad about this.

He gathered an army to attack.

Dara’s soldiers (and Dara) ran away.

Aurangzeb became the next emperor!Slide46

Conqueror of the World

Aurangzeb locked his father into someplace unpleasant until the poor old man died.

He named himself, “Conqueror of the World”.

Then Aurangzeb proceeded to conquer more land for the Moghul Empire.

It seemed that Aurangzeb was going to be a better emperor than Dara the Couch Potato Who Also Has a Girl’s Name.

However, Aurangzeb made three horrible decisions that would lead to the end of the Moghul Empire!

So maybe Dara the Couch Potato Who Also

Has a Girl’s Name actually would have been

a better emperor...Slide47

Aurangzeb’s First Decision

Aurangzeb, like all of the Moghul Emperors was a Muslim.

However, many Indians were Hindis.

So far, all of the Moghul Emperors had allowed the Hindus to do whatever they wanted to do.

Some Hindus even became government officials!

Aurangzeb wanted to change that.

He decided to outlaw all Hinduism!

He made rules according to the Muslim holy book.

Many Hindus were very mad about these

new rules.

The feud was rather like the

Catholic/Protestant thing going on up in

Europe.Slide48

Aurangzeb’s Second Decision

Aurangzeb then decided to try to conquer the south of India for

the Moghul Empire.

The south of India was called the Deccan. Although they also were Muslim, they did not want to be under Aurangzeb’s rule.

So they banded with the Hindu tribes called the Marathas in India in order to repel the attack.

The Marathas had heard of Aurangzeb’s cruel treatment to the Moghul Hindus and were happy to help.

Aurangzeb eventually won, but the Moghul

Empire was considerably weakened by the

continuous rebel attacks.Slide49

Aurangzeb’s Third Decision

Jahangir had made a peace treaty with the English, and now English trade in India had flourished.

The English now wanted permission to build their own trade port, along with a city and factory.

Aurangzeb agreed to this, thinking that such trade could only make India richer.

The English built their city, called Calcutta, and the city grew and grew.

Aurangzeb had absolutely no idea that Calcutta would lead to an English takeover of India.

Fortunately for Aurangzeb, the takeover

took place after his death.

But Aurangzeb knew that he had failed

in his quest to make India a great nation.