BITO-111 BIOTECHNOLOGY Ayesha - PowerPoint Presentation

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BITO-111BIOTECHNOLOGY

Ayesha

Masrur

Khan

November 2013

Applications of BiotechnologyBITO-111

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Applications of Biotechnology (cont’d)BITO-111

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Waste/toxin affected water and land can be treated: Industrial effluents, pesticides, insecticides, oil spills etc. contribute to land, water and air pollution

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Pollution prevention

Improvement of milk and meat production

Animal breeding to increase

offsprings

of a certain kind

Livestock Improvement

Diagnosis : diseases, genetic predispositions to certain disorders, detection of inherited disorders in early stages.

Rational drug design

Pharmacogenomics

Gene therapy, ste

m cell therapy

Improvement of therapeutic protein drugs through protein engineering

Health and Molecular Medicine

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The Broad Picture of Life

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The Broad Picture of Life

The Science behind Biotechnology

Cell processes: Cell growth & metabolism, response & adaptation

Parts of cells (animals & plants)

DNA

Mutations

Genomes

Proteins

Transcription

& Translation

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The Central Dogma

The development of any living organism is the outcome of the

action of proteins. Proteins are produced as a direct result of DNA.

But how is DNA information translated into proteins?

1. Genetic code:

Each DNA sequence corresponds to a specific

sequence of amino-acids, the building blocks of proteins

2. Proteins synthesis

is done in the cytoplasm of the cell, with a

messenger from the DNA going to the appropriate location in the

cell (Jacob and Monod)3. DNA transcription mRNA translation Protein

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Biomolecules

: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes

(Essential part of life)

1. Structural Protein

– Structural proteins are the bricks

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Fibers

2. Transport Proteins

– Carrier

molecules or transport proteins

– Haemoglobin 3. Messenger Proteins– Cells in one part of the body communicate with cells in another part of the body.– Hormones (Insulin)

Biomolecules: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes(Essential part of life)

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Primary structure of proteins:

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are primary amines that contain an alpha carbon that is connected to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable side group (R). The side group gives each amino acid its distinctive properties and helps to dictate the folding of the protein.

Linking an amino group to a carboxyl group on another amino acid creates

polymers of amino acids. This is termed a

peptide bond

-20 amino acids found in proteins (polar, non-polar & charged)

-proteins and peptides are formed when ribosome & rest of the translation machinery link 10-10,000 amino acids together primary sequence

Biomolecules: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes(Essential part of life)-cont’d

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Secondary structure

: Association of primary sequence (folding) leads to secondary structure. Involvement of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions,

sulfhydryl

linkages & ionic interactions.

Common secondary structures:

Alpha helix

Beta Sheet

Random coils

Tertiary structure: Connection of separate secondary structures casing specific folding. Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide linkages & ionic interactions stabilize the structure.

Quaternary structure:

Arrangement of polypeptides forming complexes.Example: Haemoglobin (shown in figure) has 4 subunits, each having Haeme

groups (containing iron that binds the oxygen)

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids:

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), serve as storage units for the hereditary information.

RNA and DNA

are long polymers of only 4 nitrogenous bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (or

uracil

for RNA)-a sugar, and a phosphate group.

The nucleotide structure can be broken down into 2 parts. The sugar-phosphate backbone and the base. All nucleotides share the sugar-phosphate backbone. Linking the monomer units using oxygen on the phosphate, and a hydroxyl group on the sugar forms nucleotide polymers.

The sugar in DNA,

deoxyribose

is called a pentose sugar because it has 5 carbon atoms.

The sugar in RNA is also a pentose sugar called ribose

, and the one in DNA is deoxyribose (lacks oxygen at carbon no.2)BITO-11112

Moving to smaller yet significant things

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Nucleic acids-cont’dAdenine (A) and Guanine (G) are

purines

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two ring structure,

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) and

Uracil

(U) are

pyrimidines

; one ring structures

and share a similar structure, but differ in their side groups.

Base pairing: Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, cytosine forms 3 with guanine. The G to C pair is 33% stronger than the A to T pair due to the extra hydrogen bond.

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Transcription of DNA to RNA to ProteinBITO-111

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