How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare Establishment and Motive Establishment and Motive Maryland 1632 proprietary colony to Lord Baltimore Catholic refuge ID: 469354
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Slide1
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Establishment and Motive:Slide2
Establishment and Motive:
Maryland
, 1632-- “proprietary” colony to Lord Baltimore, Catholic refuge
*Virginia
, 1607-- Va. Company of London, Joint-Stock company, business/ profit
Carolinas
, 1663-- “proprietary” to group who was loyal to King
during English Civil War, attracted “excess” population from
Barbados seeking profit
Georgia
, 1732– “proprietary” to James Oglethorpe as
debtors colony and buffer against Spanish Florida
SOUTHERN COLONIESSlide3
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Establishment:
*Massachusetts, 1620
– Mass. Bay Company
100 Pilgrims on Mayflower establish Plymouth
1630s, 700 - 20,000 Puritans “Great Migration”
settle Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire, 1623
– Pilgrims, fishing outpost
Rhode Island, 1636-
- Roger Williams, refuge for
Puritan dissidents
Connecticut, 1636-
- Thomas Hooker, religious
freedom from Puritans in
MassachusettsSlide4
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Motive:
Religious Freedom.
English
Calvinists
escaping religious persecution at home (believed in John Calvin’s teachings about
Predestination
-
only “elect”/ “covenanted saints” going to Heaven)
Two types settle Mass.:
Pilgrims
-- Separatists (Church of England
could not be reformed)
Puritans-- Non-Separatists (reform/ “purify” Church of England/ Anglican Church
from its Catholic elements) ***Covenant Community-- “We shall be as
a City on a Hill”
Winthrop
John WinthropSlide5
Catholic pulpit
Puritan pulpit
What do the Puritans
dislike
about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)Slide6
Catholic: Hierarchy
Puritan: Hierarchy
What do Puritans
dislike
about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests
Parishioners
Minister
CongregationSlide7
Catholic: Salvation
Puritan: Salvation
What do the Puritans
dislike
about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)
Selling Indulgences
Predestination (John Calvin)Slide8
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Family/ Community:Slide9
Family/ Community:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Young single men looking to make money,
few women (5 to 1) in Chesapeake
Unstable– high death rates for young adults
(few lived past late 30s or 40s) left a record number
of orphans
Population growth from immigration, not natural increase
in ChesapeakeSlide10
Population spread out on farms located along rivers, controlled by elite
(*Deference to upper class who were viewed as natural ruling class.)
Cavaliers
– English nobility who received large land grants in Eastern Virginia
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Family/ Community:
EX.
Robert “King” Carter-
300,000 acres in eastern Va.,
1,000 slaves,money from tobacco exportsSlide11
Flying Staircase
Shirley Plantation (Carter family)
Status based on family name, ownership of land, success as a planter
(show-off wealth in horses, clothing, homes, gardens, furniture and china)Slide12
Westover Plantation (William Byrd II)Slide13
Wealth distribution in colonial Virginia
1% 1,000 lbs
100s of slaves
2% 500-1,000 lbs
22 slaves
21% 100-500 lbs
1-5 slaves
***75% less than 100 lbs
Tobacco for taxes, mostly subsistenceSlide14
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Family/ Community:
“Backcountry” behind the Fall Line
settled by the “lower sort”
(eye gouging v. dueling)
**Scots-Irish, German immigrantsSlide15
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Families traveled together.
Stable-- healthy climate, equal ratio men to women,
population grows from natural increase even when
Puritan immigration declines during English Civil WarSlide16
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Homes in towns– strong sense of community.
Watch out for each other and guard against sin—
abide by the Covenant Community standards.
Status in community based on religious standing.
New England communitySlide17
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Education:Slide18
Education:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
“I thank God, there are no free schools nor printing…and
I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for learning
has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the
world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against
the best government. God keep up from both.”
Virginia’s Royal Governor, William Berkley (1671)
Public education
does not exist
in South until after
Civil War!!! Only for wealthy who would often send their
children to Europe or hire private tutors.Slide19
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Valued education for members of the community
-- literacy required to read the Bible.
Old Deluder Act-
- required towns with 50 households to
appoint a teacher, 100 households grammar school
(1
st
to est. a college –
Harvard
, 1636)
(1
st to est. a printing press– sermons, almanacs, bios.)
Emphasis on journal keeping and reflection to knowif you were member of “elect”Education:Slide20
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Government:Slide21
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Government:
Elected assemblies (male/ wealth)
(
Virginia House of Burgesses
—
Today–
Virginia General Assembly)
In Virginia, the Royal Governor chosen by
British Crown
In proprietorships, Governor chosen by proprietor
***Maintains closest ties to England-- Also maintains
allegiance to Church of England/ Anglican Church
House of Burgesses, Williamsburg
Governor’s Mansion, WilliamsburgSlide22
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Government:
Mayflower Compact-
-
est. by
Pilgrims in 1620 for Civil Government
***roots of American democracy
Covenant Community-
-
town
was
basic unit of government where
decisions would be made by system of
“direct democracy”/ vote- “Athenian Democracy.” Purposeof General Court to establish towns.
Only church members allowed toparticipate.Slide23
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Economy/ Labor System:Slide24
FALL LINE
Back Country
N.C.
M.D.
Chesapeake
“Low Country”
Chesapeake and Tidewater-
- Hot/ Humid climate allows for “cash crops”
Backcountry
– “Subsistence” farming, Hunting, Trade
Economy/ Labor System:
SOUTHERN COLONIESSlide25
Virginia and N.C. “Cash Crop”-
TOBACCO
“Brown Gold”
*Very labor intensive and impacts
way of life
(Symbolic World of Tobacco Planter)Slide26
“Low Country” Cash Crop
South Carolina, Georgia-
RICE
, rely on freshwater swamps,
floodgates used to regulate waterSlide27
Eliza Lucas Pinckney-
Developed
INDIGO
plant
in S.C.
Eve of Revolution, 65 million lbs/year
Harvest and processing
Drying yarn dyed with indigoSlide28
Charles Town
Absence of diversified economy
, South must import finish goods that they do not produce at home
Charles Town, S.C. –
est. 1670
only major port city in
South
before
Baltimore MD in the 1750sSlide29
Economy/ Labor System:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Indentured Servitude (1607-1660s)
race-based
Slavery
(1660s-1865)
Indenture-- willing
Slavery-- unwillingSlide30
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Economy/ Labor System:
Cooler climate, rocky soil did
NOT
allow for production
of “cash crops”--
Varied economy based on shipbuilding,
fishing, lumbering, subsistence farming,
and eventually manufacturing.
Family (“little commonwealth”)
was backbone of labor force
Strong belief in hard work
and thrift--
Everyone had a “calling”
Puritan ChildrenSlide31
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Conflict:Slide32
Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676)
Thousands of former indentured servants on the “fringe”–
unhappy with depressed tobacco prices, Indian attacks, and power of wealthy planters.
Nathaniel Bacon leads attack on Royal Governor Berkley.
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Conflict:
1622 Indian Uprising- Opecancanough attempts to wipe-out JamestownSlide33
Slave population grows in 1700s
(40% Virginia, 80-90% S.C.)
Resistance:
Everyday-- (breaking tools, stealing, pretending to be sick/
do not understand directions, work slowdowns)
Resistance:
Active/ Violent— (poisoning, running away, rebellions)
Stono Rebellion (S.C.) Nat Turner/ Gabriel Prosser (VA.)
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Conflict:Slide34
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
At first peaceful (famous image of Thanksgiving/ Squanto, etc.) but overtime
English came in conflict with natives over land:
Pequot War
(1637)- English attack on Indian fort at
West Mystic, Connecticut was considered brutal and the beginning of the
end for Pequot tribe (Treaty of Hartford took away Pequot land and name)Slide35
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
At first peaceful (famous image of Thanksgiving/ Squanto, etc.) but overtime
English came in conflict with natives:
King Philip’s War
(1676) -- New England attacked by Wampanoag Indians
over continued harassment by Puritans and threat to their land. Death of
Metacom (King Philip) marked defeat of Native resistance.Slide36
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
***
Dissenters–:
Roger Williams
-Argued separation of church and state
-Banished (1635) founded R.I.
-“Rogues Island” for Mass. dissenters
Most conflict from within.
***
Dissenters
–
“Covenant Community” enforced by banishing/ executing
dissenters--individuals unwilling to abide by Puritan rulesSlide37
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
***
Dissenters–:
Anne Hutchinson
-Argued her minister was not “elect”
-Held private Bible study in her home
-Claimed to have direct revelation
-Banished (1638) to R.I.
-Killed in N.Y. by Indians (1643)Slide38
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
***
Dissenters–:
“…it had a face, but no head, and the ears stood upon the shoulders and were like an ape’s; it had no forehead, but over the eyes four horns, hard and sharp; two of them were above one inch long, the other two shorter; the eyes standing out, and the mouth also; the nose hooked upward; all over the breast and back full of sharp pricks and scales…it had two mouths, and in each of them a piece of red flesh sticking out; it had arms and legs as other children; but, instead of toes, it had on each foot three claws, like a young fowl, with sharp talons.”
Mary Dyer
Banished (1638) to R.I. along with
Hutchinson for believing in
direct revelation, later executed
when she returned as a Quaker
Puritans exhume her stillborn fetus
as “proof” of God’s punishmentSlide39
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
*** Simple growth resulted in a 2nd generation of “Puritans without Passion”
Problem:
2
nd
generation unwilling to go through
conversion experience (less than ½ were “saints” by 1650)
*only children of saints can be baptized
Solution:
Half-Way Covenant
(1662)
Offered 2nd generation half-membership (only accept churchcovenant) so that their children may be baptizedSlide40
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
Salem Witch Tria
ls- 1692 (film clip shown in class)
- Reverend Samuel Parris' daughter dies of mysterious causes
- Witchcraft blamed/ Tituba
- Social outcasts/ women accused
(Sarah Good, SarahOsborne)
- Spectral Evidence allowed
- Witchcraft hysteria claims the life/ reputation of many only
to stop when many prominent members of society (like governor's wife) are accused
- Outcome of religious fervor, fear of Indian attacks/ punishment for sin, competition between Salem Town and Salem VillageSlide41
How do the Middle Colonies compare???
MIDDLE COLONIES:
Establishment:
New York, 1664
– “proprietary” to Duke of York
New Jersey, 1664
– “proprietary” Sir George Carteret and
(east/west) Lord Berkley-- but also others???
*Pennsylvania, 1681
– “proprietary” to William Penn
Delaware, 1682 --
named after Lord De la Warr, land
disputed
between proprietors of MD and PennSlide42
MIDDLE COLONIES:
Motive:
Pennsylvania--
Refuge for Quakers
(Society of Friends)
and as a
“Holy Experiment”
where persecuted
could worship freely
Quakers believed:
Everyone had the “Inner Light”
Equality– no tipping of hat, “thee” and “thou,”
plain clothesPacifists-- teaching love not hate/ violence
William PennSlide43
Family/ Community:
Penn advertised in all languages—
Families took advantage of
generous land grants/ 50 acres per head
“Best Poor Man’s Country”
Farms spread out, but cities provided
centers of trade and culture
Philadelphia
(“City of Brotherly Love”)
Planned community—
grid pattern with green space
*** Most Diverse and
Tolerant/ Flexible Social structure
“ a very mixed company of different
nations and religions…In addition to Scots, English, Dutch, Germans, and Irish there are Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers, Methodists, Seventh day men, Moravians, Anabaptists, French Huguenots, and Jews.
Our chiefest unhappiness here is too
great a mixture of Nations.”
Travel Account, 1740Slide44
Education:
Diversity of people encourages
freedom of thought in Philadelphia
***Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
illustrates mobility of self- educated
“common man” in Pennsylvania
Franklin establishes
Philosophical Society and Library System,
author of Poor Richard’s Almanac
"An Investment in knowledge pays the best interest.“
Benjamin Franklin Slide45
Proprietor selected royal governor.
Pennsylvania:
Unicameral legislature, elected assembly
No religious test and very little
land required to vote --
**most males could vote
Government:Slide46
Economy/ Labor System:
Shipbuilding, farming, and
trade
*Philadelphia and New York
Philadelphia
Largest city in Colonial America with
18,000 people on eve of Am. Revolution
Middle class of skilled artisans,
entrepreneurs (business owners)
and small farmers
*Labor mostly accomplished by family
and white servants--
not a large demand for slavesSlide47
Conflict:
Pennsylvania:
Overall, associated with peace (Penn
even purchases land from the Natives.)
2
nd
Generation less interested in
Penn’s vision of a “Holy Experiment”—
Example: Walking Purchase 1737
New York:
Jacob Leisler’s Rebellion, 1689--
caused by
Dominion of New England
(Crown’s attempt to control colonies as a group) threatened elected assemblies. King James’ abdicates
thrown and “Glorious Revolution” byWilliam and Mary in England.