Enhanced oil recovery using CO - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Enhanced oil recovery using CO2 The North Sea, an Opportunity? Jon GluyasDurham Energy Institute, UK

Carbon Capture & Storage,

Geological Society of London

- 15

th

September 2010 - Slide2

OutlineCO2-EOR – a long historyUK oil reservesUKCS – the EOR prizeUK industrial CO2 productionProject timingCosting the earth & saving the planetThe CO2-EOR heritageSlide3

CO2-EOR – A Long HistoryInitiated 1970s in response to oil crisisTexas at forefront of technology & leads the way todayPermian Basin in NW Texas is the primary injection area1000s km 32” pipeline & associated infrastructure developedNatural & anthropogenic CO2 sources usedSlide4

CO2-EOR – TechnologyWater Alternating Gas (WAG)CO2 injected to swell oil and increase fluidityH2O injection to displace oil to production wellsGravity Stable Gas Injection (GSGI)CO2 injected at field crestStabilising pressure and promoting gravity drainage Miscible flood – critical CO2 dissolved in oil swelling oil, viscosity reduced surface tension reducedImmiscible CO2 displacementPartial dissolution in oil may reduce viscosity substantially Slide5

Schematic WAGhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/Petroleum/publications/eordrawings/eordraw.html Slide6

How much additional recovery?West Texas 4-12% of STOIIP (observed)60+ projects (~100 world wide)US DOE 7-14% of STOIIP (calculated)Institute for Energy (Netherlands) 9-18% STOIIP of UK, Norwegian & Danish fields (calculated)Slide7

How much CO2 is used?0.1 to 0.45 pore volumes injectedTypically 1 (net*) tonne of CO2 injected delivers 2.5 to 5 bbl oil (average 3 bbl)Tapered WAG (decreasing CO2 volumes) most effective*Net = total injected - recycledSlide8

UK Oil FieldsMoray Firth &Central N Sea

Viking

Graben

From Gluyas & Hichens, 2003Slide9

UK Offshore Oil Reserve

Proven

Probable

P+P

Possible

Maximum

Cumulative Oil Production in millions tonnes (bnbbl)

3315

(24.9)

Estimated Ultimate recovery in millions tonnes (bnbbl)

3723

(27.9)

361

(2.7)

4048

(30.4)

360

(2.7)

4444

(33.3)

https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/information/bb_updates/chapters/Table4_3.htmSlide10

UKCS Recovery Factors ~45%High End - Piper – recovery factor >70%Low End - Lyell – recovery factor ~5%Jayasekera & Goodyear SPE 75171Slide11

UKCS & West Texas Oil FieldsUKCSSandstonesMost > 2.7 km deepMost > 90ºCLight oil ~35-40APITypically high quality (permeability – 100s mD)Line drive water floods for secondary recoveryLow well densityWest TexasSandstones & dolomites1.2 to 1.8 km deep15-60ºCLight oil 30-42API

Typically low quality (permeability 4-16 mD)

Pattern floods

l

High well densitySlide12

UKCS vs West TexasWest Texas – incremental oil recovery 4-12% of STOIIPCO2 is expected to be miscible (or nearly so) with current conditions in the UKCS oil reservoirsUKCS fields more permeable and at higher temperature than those in West Texas – both factors may favour the North SeaFrom Goodyear et al, IEA EOR Caracas 2002Slide13

UKCS – The PrizeAssuming UKCS:Reserve of 30,000mmbblSTOIIP 30,000/0.45 = 67,000mmbblFrom West Texas 4-12% additional recovery of STOIIPYields 2,700 – 8,000 mmbbl technical reservesRequiring ~1 t CO2 per 3bbl*For ~3,000 mmbbl, ~1,000 Mt CO2 required *range 2.5 to 5 bbl/tonneSlide14

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/climate_change.aspxScotland 19mm tonnes North East 21mm tonnesYorkshire 27mm tonnes & Humberside

100km

UK oil province

UK Industrial CO

2

production 2007Slide15

Supply & DemandAssuming all industrial CO2 from the eastern UK could be available for CO2-EOR yields 60-70mm tonnes per annumOver a 15-25 year period (ie typical CO2-EOR project length) this would use 1 billion tonnes CO2 …. the quantity required to optimise CO2-EOR in the North SeaSlide16

Are UK Oil Fields Ready For CO2-EOR?

Arbroath

Claymore

Maureen

NinianSlide17

The Time is Right (but don’t wait)Jayasekera & Goodyear SPE 75171UKCS Shrinking InfrastructureSlide18

UK Security of SupplyDECC publication 2008Shortfall in 2010~15 mm tonnes

Equivalent to

~300,000 bopd

Equivalent to

Initiating ~

1

/

3

potential CO

2

-EOR projects Slide19

Costing the Earth?For the North SeaThere is no CO2 infrastructureThere is no ‘ready’ source of CO2The first project will be an enormous commitmentBut in 2003WoS to Magnus pipeline laid~200 miles long CH4 for WAG50mmbbl additional reserves3+ years extra field lifeSlide20

Saving the Planet1bbl of oil contains ≡ 0.42 t CO2 after combustion1bbl produced by CO2-EOR requires between 0.4 and 0.2 t CO2At best – the process is carbon neutralAt worst – the process is halving emissionsSlide21

CO2-EOR HeritageThe CO2 production from eastern UK could ‘power’ CO2-EOR in the North Sea for 10-15 years per project, over ~30 year periodIt could deliver:Improved security of oil supplyInfrastructure usable for carbon capture Increased tax revenues over current projections

Deep aquifer storage area