Introduction to Indian Highways - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Introduction to Indian HighwaysSlide2

History of Road Development in the World

2Slide3

Mountain Trails

3Slide4

Roman Roads

4Slide5

Roman Road

Construction

5Slide6

Ancient Greek Roads –

grooves

and large stone blocks

6Slide7

Macadam Road

7Slide8

India Grand Trunk Road

2,500

kilometres (1,600 mi). 8Slide9

Plank Road – Western

US

Early 20th Century

Plank roads were typically constructed of wood planks two inches thick and eight feet long, which were nailed to four-inch-square stringers at a 90-degree angle. 

9Slide10

10Slide11

History of Road Development in India

Ancient Period (3500 BC)

Mughul

Period (15th Century)

British Period (17

th

& 18

th

Century)

Free India (1950 onwards)

11Slide12

Types of Ancient Indian Roads

Indus Valley Civilization (

Harrapa and Mohenjedaro):

Roads with brick drains on both sides.

Mauryan

rule in the 4th century constructed

Rajpath

(high roads)

Banikpaths

(merchant roads).

Ashoka

Regime:

Road networks with horticulture and rest houses at 4.8 – 6.4km along the roads.

Mughul

Period

Trunk roads between Northwest to Eastern part and also linking coastal and central part of India

British Period

Trunk roads, bridges, PWD was formed, construction of

Grand Trunk

Road

12Slide13

Indian Roads

India has a large road network of over 3.314 million kilometers of roadways (2.1 million miles).

It is 3

rd largest road network in the world.

At 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land the density of India’s highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).

13Slide14

Golden Quadrilateral

It connects India's

four largest metropolises

:

Delhi

,

Mumbai

,

Chennai

and

Kolkata

.

Four other top ten metropolises:

Bangalore

,

Pune

,

Ahmedabad

, and

Surat

, are also served by the network.

The largest

highway

project in India, initiated by

Atal

Bihari

Vajpayee

, it is the first phase of the

National Highways Development Project

(NHDP),

It consists of building 5,846 km (3,633 mi) of four/six lane express highways.

Cost :

60,000

crore

14Slide15

Impact of Transportation

Economic Development

Social Development

Spatial DevelopmentCultural Development

Political Development

15Slide16

Classification of Highways

National highway act ( 1956 )

Depending on

weather

All

weather

roads

Fair

weather roads

Depending on the type of Carriage way

Paved roads

Unpaved

roads

Depending upon the pavement surface

Surfaced

roads

Un

surfaced

roadsSlide17

Based on the Traffic Volume

Heavy

Medium

Light

Based on Load or Tonnage

Class 1 or Class 2

etc

or Class A , B

etc

Tonnes

per day

Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan )

National Highway (NH)

State Highway (SH)

Major District Road (MDR)

Other District Road (ODR)

Village Roads (VR)

Classification of HighwaysSlide18

Based on modified system of Highways classification

Primary

Expressways

National Highways

Secondary

SH

MDR

Tertiary

ODR

VR

Slide19

Classification of Roadways

Expressways

200 KmNational Highways 78,651 Km

State Highways

1,56,181 Km

Major District

Roads

& Rural

and Other Roads

44,55,510 Km

Total = 46,90,542

KmsSlide20

Expressways

Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/

hr

)Land Width (90m)Full access control

Connects major points of traffic generation

No slow moving traffic allowed

No loading, unloading, parking.Slide21

National Highways

India has a huge network of national highways.

The national highways have a total length of

78,651 kms. Indian highways cover 2% of the total road network of India and carry 40% of the total traffic.

The entire highway network of India is managed by the National Highway Authority of India which is responsible for development and maintenance

of highways.

Longest highway in India is NH7 (2,369 km

), which

stretches from

Varansi

in Uttar Pradesh to

Kanyakumari

in the southern most point of Indian mainland

.

Shortest National Highway is the

NH 47A

(5.9 km (3.7 mi)), which connects

Kundanoor

Junction in

Kochi

city to the Kochi port at

Willingdon

Island. Slide22

NH 7 (2,369 km)Slide23

National Highways in IndiaSlide24

State Highways

They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities within the state

.

Total length of all SH in the country is 1,56,181

Kms

. Slide25

Major District Roads

Important roads with in a district serving areas of production and markets , connecting those with each other or with the major highways. Slide26

Other district roads

Roads

serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR or SH. Slide27

Village roads

They are roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the nearest road of a higher category like ODR or MDR

.

India has 44,55,510 Km of MDR+ODR+VR out of the total 46,90,542 Kms

of all type of roads. Slide28

Urban Road Classification

ARTERIAL ROADS

SUB ARTERIAL

COLLECTORLOCAL STREET

CUL-DE-SAC

PATHWAY

DRIVEWAYSlide29

29

Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads

The British engineer John

Macadam introduced what can be considered as the

first scientific

road construction

method.

WBM

stands for Water Bound Macadam, and the term WBM road was derived in the memory of an engineer by name Macadam who designed and formulated this road section.

This

road is laid by binding the in-situ layers of boulders, stones, fine aggregates and fillers.

The

filler is made from the mixture of sand combined with either

moorum

quarry

dust, or soil that is

available

in that locality

.

The filler is mixed with water and is used to fix stone boulders and the layers of coarse stones of varying sizes by compacting with a road roller to form the base of a road. The road can be used in this form itself

.

As an improvement, you can apply concreting or black topping above the WBM to make it better. Slide30

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SpreadingSlide31

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TrenchingSlide32

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SlopingSlide33

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Camber FormationSlide34

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LoadingSlide35

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Culverts and headwallsSlide36

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Foamed bitumen gravel

Emulsion treated gravel

Waterbound Macadam

Hysen

Cells

Base coursesSlide37

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Water bound

Macadam on High Volume

RoadSlide38

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Completed

WBM RoadSlide39

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Alternative cost effective low-cost sealing

options

Scarce wearing course material, requires innovative approaches to reducing the maintenance cost of Gravel roadsSlide40

40

Blacktop

roadsSlide41

41

Slurry bound macadamSlide42

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Concrete Block PavingSlide43

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Modern roads

The modern roads by and large follow Macadam's construction method.

Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete are the most important developments.

Various

advanced and

cost effective

construction technologies

are used.

Development

of new

equipment's

help in the faster construction of roads.

Many

easily and

locally available

materials are tested in the laboratories and then implemented on roads for making economical

and durable

pavements.

Scope of transportation system has developed very largely.

Population

of the country is increasing day

by day

. The life style of people began to change. The need for travel to various places at faster speeds also increased

.Slide44

44

Modern roads

This

increasing demand led to the emergence of other modes of transportation like railways and travel by air.While the above development in public transport sector was taking place, the development in private

transport was

at a much faster rate mainly because of its advantages like accessibility, privacy

, flexibility

, convenience

and comfort

.

This

led to the increase in vehicular

traffic

especially in private transport network.

Thus

road

space available

was becoming

insufficient

to meet the growing demand of

traffic

and congestion started.

In

addition

, chances

for accidents also increased.Slide45

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