WSU Plateau Center Office of Native American Programs Barbara Aston MA Wyandotte DirectorTribal Liaison Ken Lokensgard PhD Asst Director Plateau Center for Research amp Collaboration ID: 709647
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Slide1
Plateau Center established at the recommendation of Native American Advisory Board to the President, comprised of representatives from 11 MOU tribes.
WSU Plateau Center, Office of Native American Programs
Barbara Aston, MA (Wyandotte), Director/Tribal Liaison.Ken Lokensgard, PhD. Asst. Director, Plateau Center for Research & Collaboration.Zoe Higheagle Strong, PhD (Nez Perce), Research Fellow.
https://pnwcosmos.org/
http://
native.wsu.edu/
Plateau Center for Research & CollaborationSlide2Our Obligations and our Location
WSU’s status as a Land Grant University and location on traditional Palus lands and ceded Nez Perce territory reinforces our obligations.Memorandum of Understanding between WSU and Signatory Tribes addresses “relationships between them” and “quality of educational services and opportunities to Native American students
Washington State University and Signatory Tribes, 8 November 1997Slide3566 Federally Recognized Tribes in US.29 Federally Recognized Tribes in WA.
11 MOU Tribes:
Coeur d'Alene TribeConfederated Salish & Kootenai TribesConfederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian ReservationConfederated Tribes of Warm Springs Cowlitz Indian TribeKalispel TribeKootenai Tribe of IdahoNez Perce TribeSpokane TribeYakama Nation“Contemporary Indian Reservations of Northwest Coast and Plateau Cultural Groups,” UW Libraries Digital Collections.Slide4Federally Recognized Tribes& Nationhood
Historically, Federal Gov’t made treaties with tribes.“The Congress shall have Power . . . to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes
.”United States Constitution (art. I, sec. 2, cl. 3). 1831, SCOTUS Chief Justice John Marshall: Tribes are “domestic dependent nations” (v. foreign nations or states). “dependent”: US has a trust responsibility/legal obligation to tribes.Post 1871, tribes recognized via Executive Orders, Acts of Congress, Decisions of Courts, and Interior Dept’s “Federal Acknowledgment Process.”
Updated list published annually in The Federal Register.Slide5Federally Recognized Tribes& Nationhood
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Part of US Department. of Interior):“A federally recognized tribe is an American Indian or Alaska Native tribal entity that is recognized as having a
government-to-government relationship with the United States, with the responsibilities, powers, limitations, and obligations attached to that designation, and is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.Furthermore, federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty) and are entitled to receive certain federal benefits, services, and protections because of their special relationship with the United States. ”Slide6History, Federal Policies, & Legislation
1824, The Indian Office federal agency was established under the
War Department.The Office transfers to DOI, as the BIA, in 1849.1847, Westward migration of Euro-Americans begins via Oregon Trail.1858, In May, Coeur d'Alene,
Palus, Spokane and other Indians defeat force led by Lt. Col. Steptoe, near Colfax (in response to violations of unratified 1855 treaty).As an eventual consequence, Col. George Wright hangs 16 Indian prisoners without trial. Others are shot, starve during winter (crops burned), etc.1870, President Grant's Peace PolicyIndian agencies are assigned to religious denominations, who then select the agents/superintendents, etc. Policy shifts post 1892.1877, Nez Perce WarUS Army responds to tensions between some Nez Perce and 1855 treaty-violating settlers. To avoid a battle that would have resulted in being forced onto a reservation, about 800 Nez Perce fled 1,500 miles. Most are caught 30 miles south of the Canadian border. Survivors are sent to Indian Territory in OK, despite US Govt’s promise to return them to homeland.Slide7Written Sources
Allan Pinkham and Steven R. Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce: Strangers in the Land of the Nimiipuu (Dakota Institute, 2015).
L.V. McWhorter,
Yellow Wolf: His Own Story (Caxton Press, 2014).Slide8History, Federal Policies, & Legislation
1883, Courts of Indian Offenses established; rules refined in 1892:Traditional religious practices, such as Sun
Dance, "similar dances and so-called ceremonies," practices of "so-called 'medicine man'" are banned. Practitioners of these “heathenish practices” are tried and punished according to codified rules. First violation punishable by 10-30 days imprisonment. Sanctions lifted in 1934.1878, Carlisle Indian School established:First off-reservation boarding school created. Many
schools closed throughout 1900’s, but mandatory education remained on reservations.1880, Chemawa Indian School established in OR, remains in operation.1886, Native languages prohibited in Indian schools.1887, General Allotment Act (Dawes Act): Reservation lands are allotted to Native American individuals. Each allotment held in trust for 25 yrs. After these years (if land patent is transferred), citizenship is extended to allotment owners. Ownership of private property seen as “agent of civilization” (Sec. of Int. Henry Teller, Annual Report, 1883).1924, Indian Citizenship Act. Seen both positively and negatively.Slide9Ft Simcoe Boarding School, Yakama Reservation. Est. 1859.
Estelle Reel Collection, Eastern WA State Historical SocietySlide10Tulalip Students, 1865.
W.F. Robertson, UW Libraries Special CollectionsSlide11Col. Richard H
Pratt, Headmaster: “Kill the Indian, Save the Soul.” Carlisle Indian Industrial School, PA. Est. 1878.
Picture circa 1900. No further info.Slide12Melissa D. Parkhurst, To Win the Indian Heart: Music at the Chemawa Indian School
(Oregon State U. Press, 2014).Slide13History, Federal Policies, & Legislation
1934, Wheeler-Howard Act/Indian Reorganization Act (IRA): Tribes
encouraged to create constitutions, organize tribal business councils 1940s-1950s: Termination and Relocation PoliciesAlaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 1971: Alaskan Natives organized into "Village Corporations"
1975, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act1978, American Indian Religious Freedom Act:". . . henceforth it shall be the policy of the United States to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of the American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, and Native Hawaiians.”1990, Employment Div., Dept. of Human Resources v. Smith, 1990:“laws of general applicability that burden the free exercise of religion require no special justification.” American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendment of 1994 1988, Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protection AssociationFed’s failure to understand importance of landscape and place limits free exercise.Slide14Bernie Whitebear, SinAikst/Lakes Tribe, CCT.
Whitebear fought for fishing rights and urban resources. Resisted termination of Colville Tribes.
Post Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry.
MOU Tribal Members have been intimately involved in asserting and strengthening sovereignty through direct activism, scholarship, and cultural leadership.Lawney Reyes, The Last Fish War: Survival on the Rivers (American True Stories, 2016).Slide15Tribal Membership & Identity
Historically and among “traditionalists” identity is often tied to behavior toward and relationships with others, or “personhood.”Legal criteria for Tribal membership set by tribes: “blood quantum
,” lineal descent, community recognition, etc.Criteria for federal recognition of individual identity varies: usually requires ¼ - ½ “blood quantum,” as noted on CDIBLatest data: 2 million enrolled (BIA, 2005), 4.5 million self-identified (US Census, 2007).As many as 200 languages now viable.Slide16Government-to-Government Relations: Federal
Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination
with Indian Tribal Governments“By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to establish regular and meaningful consultation and collaboration with tribal officials in the development of Federal policies that have tribal implications, to strengthen the United States government-to-government relationships with Indian tribes, and to reduce the imposition of unfunded mandates upon Indian tribes” November 6, 2000, William J. Clinton
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101569 Slide17Government-to Government Relations: State
Centennial Accord“Each
Party to this Accord respects the sovereignty of the other. The respective sovereignty of the state and each federally recognized tribe provide paramount authority for that party to exist and to govern. The parties share in their relationship particular respect for the values and culture represented by tribal governments. Further, the parties share a desire for a complete Accord between the State of Washington and the federally recognized tribes in Washington reflecting a full government-to- government relationship and will work with all elements of state and tribal governments to achieve such an accord.”http://
www.goia.wa.gov/Government-to-Government/Data/CentennialAccord.htm Slide18Government-to-Government Relations: State
Millennium Agreementhttp://
www.goia.wa.gov/Government-to-Government/Data/agreement.htm Out-of-state Accords: Nez Perce and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservationhttp://www.goia.wa.gov/Relations/OutOfStateAccord.pdf Slide19Government-to-Government Relations: State
Governor’s Office of Indian Affairshttp://www.goia.wa.gov/ Governor’s
Office of Indian AffairsTribal Directoryhttp://www.goia.wa.gov/Tribal-Directory/TribalDirectory.pdf
Centennial Accord Agency Highlights 2015http://www.goia.wa.gov/relations/Tab4-AgencyHighlights2014-2015.pdf Slide20Exercising Sovereignty in Education
RCW 28A.410.045: First peoples' language, culture, and oral tribal traditions teacher certification program—Established—Rules.http://
app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=28A.410.045 History and Culturehttp://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=28A.320.170 Compact Schoolshttp://
apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=392-800&full=true Slide21Government-to-Government Relations: Washington State University
Memorandum of UnderstandingMOU directs WSU to help “increase access to and Native American achievements at WSU” and to “promote Native American studies and educational programs throughout the University, to serve the needs of Native American students, other students, and the [MOU] Signatory Tribes
.” Washington State University and Signatory Tribes, 8 November 1997http://native.wsu.edu/tribal-liaison/mou/MOU%20November%202015.pdf
Slide22American Indian & Alaska Native Organizations
Affiliated Tribes of Northwest IndiansNational Congress of American IndiansNorthwest Portland Area Indian Health Board
Columbia River Intertribal Fish CommissionUpper Columbia Intertribal Fish CommissionNorthwest Intertribal Fish CommissionIntertribal Timber CouncilSlide23The Academy, Sovereignty, & Accountability
WSU Native American Advisory Board to the PresidentTribal Nation Building Leadership ProgramUniversity and Tribal Research ProtocolsSlide24Indigenous Research Methods & “Relational Accountability.”
“Traditional” Native American emphasis upon relationships with others as markers of identity manifest a parallel emphasis upon “reciprocity.”
Relationship and Reciprocity are fundamental to Indigenous ontology and epistemology.Contemporary Native scholars thus highlight “Relational Accountability” in discussions of “Indigenous Research Methods.”Sean
Wilson (Cree), Research is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods (Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing 2008).Non-Native scholars, researchers, and mentors must extend accountability beyond academic peers to include Native American students and communities to “counter exploitative research.”Margaret Kovach (Plains Cree/Salteaux), Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts (Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 2009).Slide25No A
ccountability: Joseph Mengele, PhD
During the War
Argentinian IDAnthropologist, Med. Officer. Attempted to change patients’ eye colors, introduced disease, sewed together twins, etc.Slide26The Doctors’ Trials, Nuremberg (1946-1949
)
Defendants
Witness/ExperimenteeTrials led to drafting of 10 article “Nuremburg Code”1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. 2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.Slide27Limited Accountability: Guatemala STD Study (1946-1948)
In 2000, Susan Reverby reveals NIH-funded research involving deliberate infection of Guatemalans with STDs.Orphans, prostitutes, prisoners, and patients
Dr. R.C. Arnold to research designer Dr. John Cutler in1948:“I am a bit, in fact more than a bit, leery of the experiment with the insane people. They cannot give consent, do not know what is going on, and if some goody organization got wind of the work, they would raise a lot of smoke. I think the soldiers would be best or the prisoners for they can give consent.”Johns Hopkins U., Rockefeller Institute, and Bristol-Myers Squibb being sued for their involvement.
Reverby was investigating Cutler’s leadership of infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972).Slide28Limited Accountability: ASU’s “Diabetes Project with the Havasupai” (1989-2004?)
Beginning in 1989, ASU and other researchers collected blood to research genetic link to diabetes among tribal members.
Researchers found no link, but used samples to research other diseases. These resulted in papers, etc.Havasupai Tribe vs. the Arizona Board of Regents resulted in 2010 settlement for $700,000. Slide29Peer Accountability: The
IRBIRBs result from 1974 National Research Act, governed by
45 CFR 46: Human Subjects Research.WSU IRB: Policies and Procedures (Oct. 22, 2013)In
“Human Subject Application: Non-Exempt (Expedited and Full Review Board)” applicant must describe:The studyData collection methodsMeans of protecting dataThe population, including special groups such as “Native American Tribes with whom WSU has an agreement.”Slide30Extended, Relational Accountability: Tribal Research Protocols (Cultural & Legal)
WSU IRB requirements do not address all of Indigenous Scholars’ concerns. Thus, the need to follow Tribal Protocols.
Being accountable to Tribal Partners results in:
better researchincreased relevancebetter campus environment for Native American students, faculty, and community membersbetter mentorship of Native American Students Slide31Current Graduate Students
Danielle Guzman, Nez Perce, Horticulture
Phill Allen, Nez Perce, CSSTSlide32Recent Graduate Degree Earners
Rich Whitney, Colville, Natural Resource Sciences, M.S., , 2014
.Wildlife Biology Program Manager, Colville Tribes.Georgina Mitchell, Coeur d’Alene, Economics, Ph.D. 2015.Slide33
Dr. Zoe Higheagle Strong
Today’s Slides:
https://pnwcosmos.org/resources/workshops/Cultural Events:https://pnwcosmos.org/events/Recommended Literature:https://pnwcosmos.org/references-and-recommended-reading/