Rosids - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Rosids – Malvids:Myrtales - Brassicales - Malvales - Sapindales

Spring

2012Slide2

Fig. 8.30Slide3

Core Eudicots: Rosids-MalvidsMalvids Order Myrtales

Myrtaceae

– Eucalyptus

Onagraceae

– Evening primroses

Order

Brassicales

Brassicaceae

* – Mustards

Order

Malvales

Malvaceae

*

– Mallows, cotton, chocolate

Order

Sapindales

Sapindaceae

*

– Maples, lychee

Rutaceae

– Citrus

*family required for recognitionSlide4

Rosids-Malvids:Myrtales: Myrtaceae(The Eucalyptus or Myrtle Family)Pantropical; highly diverse in warm temperate Australia

Trees or shrubs often with flaky bark

Diversity:

4,600-5,500

species in 144 genera

Flowers: Hypanthium well developed; sepals and petals 4-5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 2-5, connate; ovary inferior to half-inferior; fruit usually a 1-many seeded berry or

loculicidal

capsule

Significant features: Highly aromatic leaves & stems due to many

terpenoid

and resinous compounds; leaves entire with scattered pellucid dots containing these compounds

Special uses: Eucalyptus important source of timber; many used as ornamentals; cloves (

Syzygium

aromaticum

), allspice (

Pimenta

dioica

);

guava (

Psidium

guajava

)

Family not required

Slide5

Myrtaceae: EucalyptusFoliage dimorphic (juvenile leaves are rounded & stem-clasping; adult leaves are longer, willowy, and petioled)Flower buds covered by an operculum (fused sepals or petals or both) that falls off at anthesisFruit a conical capsule (

gumnut

)

Primarily Australian;

ca. 800 species,

some cultivated

in the U.S.Slide6

Rosids-Malvids:Myrtales: Onagraceae(The Evening Primrose Family)Widely distributed, primarily in western North America and South AmericaMostly herbs, some shrubs, trees

Diversity:

ca. 650

species in

17-22

genera

Flowers: Showy; sepals & petals (2-) 4 (-7); stamens (4) 8, not incurved in bud, pollen with

viscin

threads; carpels usually 4; ovary inferior; long hypanthium; cruciform stigmas; fruit is a

loculicidal

capsule or berry

Significant features: Tetramerous flowers!!

Special uses: Several ornamental

herbs

Family not requiredSlide7

Onagraceae:Clarkia!Slide8

Onagraceae: OenotheraHerbaceousLeaves usually alternateHypanthium prolonged beyond the ovaryCorolla usually yellow (can be white or pink)Fruit a loculicidal capsule with many seeds or nut-like, indehiscent and few-seededSeeds nakedSlide9

Onagraceae: Oenothera

Oenothera

speciosaSlide10

Rosids-Malvids:Brassicales: Brassicaceae(‘Cruciferae’ - The Mustard Family)Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, SW Asia, and western North America

Herbs, shrubs or trees; (sometimes herbs);

glucosinolates

(

mustard oils

) present in all taxa

Diversity:

3,400-3,700

species in

321-338

genera

Flowers

:

Sepals 4; petals 4 (

cruciform

), often clawed;

stamens 6, all

+

equal

or usually

2 shorter and 4 longer (

tetradynamous

); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit

a capsule

,

usually

dehiscing by splitting into 2

valves leaving a persistent cross-wall,

a

silique

or

silicle

Significant features: 4-merous

flowers;

often pioneers after disturbance

Special uses: Many important food plants – cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower,

brussels

sprouts, kohlrabi (

Brassica

oleracea

), turnip (

Brassica

rapa

), mustards (

Brassica spp.

), horseradish

(

Armoracia

rusticana

),

and a wide range of ornamentals

Required taxa:

Brassica Slide11

Brassicaceaecruciform petals

silique

-

silicle

tetradynamous

stamens

c

lawed petalsSlide12

Arabidopsis thalianaThe model plant ofchoice for much ofmolecular biology.Slide13

-annuals or biennials-at least the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, lyrate or pinnate-racemes without bracts

-

sepals erect during

anthesis

-

petals yellow

-

ovary and

silique

with a

prominent beak

Brassicaceae

:

BrassicaSlide14

BrassicaoleraceaSlide15

Rosids-Malvids:Malvales: Malvaceae(The Mallow Family)CosmopolitanTrees, shrubs, lianas or herbs; vegetative parts with

mucilage

; leaves

often

palmately

veined and

lobed (may be

pinnately

veined)

or

palmately

compound;

stellate hairs

Diversity:

4,200

species in

ca. 250

genera

Flowers: Sepals & petals

5,

calyx

valvate

;

stamens 5 to many,

monadelphous

or

polydelphous

;

carpels 2 to many

, connate,

superior ovary

; fruit usually a

loculicidal

capsule, also berry,

samara,

schizocarp, or drupe

Significant features:

basic inflorescence unit a modified, 3-bracted cyme

; flowers

often associated with conspicuous bracts forming an

epicalyx

;

nectaries

of densely packed, multicellular glandular hairs

, usually on sepals

Special uses: cotton (

Gossypium

), cacao or chocolate (

Theobroma

), durian (

Durio

), balsa wood (

Ochroma

); many ornamentals, e.g. hibiscus (

Hibiscus

)

Required taxa:

Hibiscus,

Gossypium

Slide16

Polydelphous stamensMonadelphous

stamens

MalvaceaeSlide17

Theobroma cacaoSlide18

Malvaceae: Hibiscus

-herbs or shrubs

-

epicalyx of a circle

of several

bractlets

-filament column

bearing anthers for

much of its length

-

styles distinct

-fruit a 5-locular

loculicidal

capsule

-

seeds

2-several per

locule

,

kidney-shapedSlide19

Malvaceae: Gossypium

-subshrubs to shrubs

-

epicalyx of 3-5-7 large,

cordate

, toothed bracts

-

styles united

-fruit a 3-5-locular

loculicidal

capsule

-

seeds

+

globular

,

often

with hair

(lint)Slide20

Rosids-Malvids:Sapindales: Sapindaceae(The Maple Family)Mainly tropical and subtropical, a few diverse in the temperate zone (e.g., Acer,

Aesculus

)

Trees, shrubs or lianas with tendrils

Diversity:

1,450-1,580

species in

131-135

genera

Flowers:

Unisexual or bisexual;

sepals & petals 4-5

,

petals often clawed

,

with more or less basal appendages

adaxially

; usually an

extrastaminal

nectar disk

present;

stamens 8 or fewer

(rarely up to 12),

filaments usually hairy or

papillose

;

carpels 2 or 3

, connate,

superior ovary

; fruit a capsule, berry, or schizocarp;

seeds with a deep fold or pocket in the seed coat

Significant features:

presence of

saponins

in many

Special uses: lumber, maple syrup (

Acer

saccharum

); many ornamentals; tropical fruits (

longan

, lychee,

rambutan

)

Required taxa:

Acer Slide21

Sapindaceae: Acer

-trees or sometimes shrubs

-

leaves opposite

, simple and

palmately

lobed, rarely

pinnately

or

palmately

compound

-calyx usually 5-lobed

-petals 0 or as many as the calyx lobes

-

ovary with 2 connate, winged carpels,

2 ovules per carpel

-

fruit a schizocarp, splitting into 2

samaroid

mericarps

Some treatments retain this as

Aceraceae

!Slide22

Rosids-Malvids:Sapindales: Rutaceae(The Citrus Family)Nearly cosmopolitan, primarily tropical to subtropicalTrees or shrubs, sometimes with thorns, spines or prickles

Diversity:

1,800-1,900

species in

158-161

genera

Flowers: Sepals & petals 4 – 5; stamens 8-10

; annular nectar disk;

carpels 4-5 to many, connate, superior ovary;

axile

placentation; fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, cluster of follicles or modified berry with leathery, glandular rind (i.e., hesperidium in

Citrus

).

Significant features: Aromatic oils chemically complex; simple or compound leaves with pellucid dots containing aromatic ethereal oils

Special uses: many desirable fruits - oranges, lemons, limes, tangerine, grapefruit (

Citrus

), kumquat (

Fortunella

), several ornamentals, e.g. cork tree (

Phellodendron

)

Family not required

Slide23

Pellucid dotsSlide24

Rutaceae: Citrus

-leaves apparently simple,

of 1 leaflet

-ovary compound, entire

or only slightly lobed

-fruit a hesperidium