Rosids - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Rosids: Fabids

Spring

2014Slide2

Fig. 8.1Slide3

Rosids – Major PointsComprise about 25% of all

angiosperms

Includes two main clades:

fabids

and

malvids

Main support for

monophyly

from molecular

data

No clear morphological

synapomorphies

, but tendencies to have

perianths

with

unfused

parts and a stamen

merosity

> calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions

Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat

pollination

Transition from

apocarpy

to

syncarpy

as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral

partsSlide4

Fig. 8.30Slide5

Core Eudicots: The Rosids

Fabids

:

Order

Malpighiales

Order

Fabales

Order Rosales

Order

Cucurbitales

Order

Fagales

Malvids

:

Order

Brassicales

Order

Malvales

Order

Sapindales

Slide6

Core Eudicots: The Rosids - Fabids

Order

Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae

*

–

Spurges

Salicaceae

*

– Willows and

poplars

Violaceae

– Violets

Order

Fabales

Fabaceae

*

– Beans

Order Rosales

Rosaceae

* – Roses

Moraceae

– Figs, mulberries

Ulmaceae

– Elms

Order

Cucurbitales

Curcurbitaceae

* – Cucumbers, squashes

Begoniaceae

– Begonias

Order

Fagales

Betulaceae

– Birches

Fagaceae

* – Oaks, beeches, chestnuts

Juglandaceae

– Walnuts, hickories

*Family required for recognitionSlide7

Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae

(The Spurge Family)

Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions

Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes succulent; leaves usually alternate

Diversity: ca.

6,300

species in

218-245

genera

Flowers:

Unisexual

; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5;

carpels usually 3

,

ovule 1 per

locule

;

styles usually 3 and

sometimes

divided

;

inflorescences often highly modified

; fruit a schizocarp,

seeds usually

arillate

Significant features:

Often with latex/

laticifers

(toxic)

Special uses: rubber (

Hevea

), cassava/manioc (

Manihot

), poinsettia (

Euphorbia

), ornamentals

Required family; required genus:

Euphorbia Slide8

Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae

female

maleSlide9

Euphorbiaceae: EuphorbiaCa. 2,400 speciesWhite latex (usually)

One female and few to many male flowers aggregated into a

cyathium

(one type of false

flower or

pseudanthium

)

Cyathium

subtended by modified leaves (

cyathophylls

)Slide10

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium

From the

Euphorbia

PBI websiteSlide11

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia

Digital FlowersSlide12

Euphorbiaceae

castor

bean ~ poisonous seeds

Castor

oil plant

(

Ricinus

communis

)Slide13

Euphorbiaceae

Rubber (

Hevea

brasiliensis

)Slide14

Euphorbiaceae

Tapioca, Cassava (

Manihot

)

Manihot

esculenta

cassava, tapiocaSlide15

Euphorbiaceae

Tung oil (

Aleurites

)

Aleurites

fordii

tung

-oil treeSlide16

Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Salicaceae

(The Willow or Poplar Family)

Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and boreal regions

Trees or shrubs

Diversity:

1,200

species in

54-55

genera

Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-8; stamens 2-

∞

;

carpels 2-4, connate

, in superior ovary; fruit variable

Significant features: leaves simple

, often with

salicoid

teeth

;

salicin

in most

; includes what was formerly called the “

Flacourtiaceae

”

Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals

Required

familySlide17

Salicaceae

:

Salix

-bud scale single

-catkins usually erect

or ascending

-flowers unisexual

-each flower with 1-4

basal nectar glands

-stamens

1-12

-mainly insect pollinationSlide18

Salicaceae: Populus

-bud scales several,

overlapping

-catkins arching or

drooping

-flowers unisexual

-each flower with a basal

cup-like disk

-stamens

8-numerous

-wind-pollinationSlide19

Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Violaceae

(The Violet Family)

Widespread, but predominantly herbs of temperate regions

Herbs, shrubs, or trees

Diversity:

700-800

species in

23-24

genera

Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5;

5

connivent

stamens;

carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a

loculicidal

capsule

Significant features:

Zygomorphy

, nectar spurs; floral

cleistogamy

Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals

Family not required

Slide20

Violaceae: zygomorphic flowersconnivent

stamens

n

ectar spurSlide21

Violaceae

:

dual breeding systems

-

spring flowers open-pollinated,

summer flowers remaining

closed (

cleistogamous

)Slide22

Rosids-Fabids:Fabales: Fabaceae

(The Legume Family)

Nearly cosmopolitan

Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with

usually alternate

, stipulate,

pinnately

to

palmately

compound

leaves

(sometimes

unifoliolate

or simple)

Diversity:

19,500 species, 720-730

genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of angiosperms

Flowers: a

short, cup-like hypanthium present

;

sepals & petals usually 5,

free or

connate

;

petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart

;

stamens

5 or 10-many

,

if connate then

monadelphous

or

diadelphous

;

carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore)

;

fruit is a legume

(Duh!) but sometimes modified

Significant features:

High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria

;

leaf and leaflet

pulvinuses

well developed

;

endosperm often lacking

; wide range of floral

diversity Special

uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (

Mimosa, Bauhinia);

lumber, dyes, resins

Required

family; required taxa:

Mimosoideae

, “

Caesalpinioideae

”,

FaboideaeSlide23

Fabaceae vegetative characters

root nodules

pulvinus

compound

leavesSlide24

Fabaceae floral characters

Diadelphous stamens:

9 + 1

Marginal (parietal)

placentation

Perigynous flower, short hypanthium

gynophoreSlide25

Fabaceae fruit and seed characters

non-

endospermous

seeds at maturity

legumes,

loments,

etc.Slide26

MimosoideaeLeaves usuallyt

wice

pinnately

c

ompound

Fls

actinomorphic,

p

etals

valvate

,

d

istinct or basally

fused

Stamens 10-many,

d

istinct or basally

fused

“

Caesalpinioideae

”

Leaves usually once

p

innately

or twice

p

innately

compound

Fls

+

weakly zygomorphic,

u

pper petal usually

i

nnermost; petals distinct

Stamens 5 or 10, distinct

Faboideae

Leaves

pinnately

c

ompound to

t

rifoliolate

Fls

zygomorphic,

u

pper petal (banner)

o

utermost; well

d

efined wings and keel

Stamens 10,

m

onadelphous

or

diadelphousSlide27

Fabaceae – Subfamily

Mimosoideae

Albizia

julibrissin

Acacia sp.Slide28

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae

Actinomorphic

tubular

flowers

in heads

many stamens, not fused

Albizia julibrissin

mimosa, silktreeSlide29

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: MimosaSlide30

Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”

Tropical dry forest

elaiosomes

s

tipular

spines

e

xtrafloral

nectariesSlide31

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”

Senna obtusifolia

sicklepod

pulvinus

Stamens not fused

-10 or fewer

zygomorphic flowerSlide32

Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”Slide33

Fabaceae: “

Caesalpinioideae

”

Cercis

canadensis

-

redbudSlide34

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”

Honey

locust (

Gleditsia

)Slide35

Fabaceae: Faboideae Lathyrus

sweet-pea

Digital FlowersSlide36

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria

spectabilis

showy rattlebox

bacterial root nodule

monadelphous stamens

Petals unequal:

banner

wings

keelSlide37

Fabaceae – Subfamily

FaboideaeSlide38

Fabaceae: FaboideaeGlycine

(Soybean)Slide39

Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc.extraordinary

e

conomic importanceSlide40

Fabaceae: FaboideaeTrifolium

(Clover)

Medicago

(sweet clover)Slide41

Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Rosaceae

(The Rose Family)

Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere

Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)

Diversity:

2,500-3,000

species in

85-90

genera

Flowers:

Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present

; sepals 5; petals 5;

stamens usually numerous

; carpels 1 to

many,

apocarpous

or

syncarpous

;

ovary

superior

or inferior;

fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle

Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family;

leaves alternate, stipules present

Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery

Required

familySlide42

Rosaceae: RosaSlide43

Rosaceae: RubusSlide44

Rosaceae:

PrunusSlide45

Rosaceae:

Malus

and

PyrusSlide46

Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Moraceae

(The Fig Family)

Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions

Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)

Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera

Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous;

tepals

0-4 or 5 (-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences

cymose

, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (

syconium

).

Significant features:

laticifers

/latex throughout the plant

Special uses: figs (

Ficus

), mulberries (

Morus

), breadfruit (

Artocarpus

), ornamentals, e.g.

osage

orange (

Maclura

)

Family not requiredSlide47

Moraceae

Ficus

carica

–

Cultivated Fig

Morus

rubra

-

Mulberry

Maclura

pomifera

Osage orange

Artocarpus

(breadfruit)

DorsteniaSlide48

Moraceae: Ficus

-shrubs or trees

-about 800 species

worldwide

-

flowers minute, borne

inside the

syconium

-

wasp-pollinated

-possible keystone species

in tropical forestsSlide49

Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig WaspSlide50

Rosids-Fabids:Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae

(The Cucumber or Squash Family)

Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate regions

Herbaceous or soft woody vines with

scabrous stems and

palmately

veined/lobed leaves

and

usually with tendrils

Diversity:

900

species in

118-122

genera

Flowers:

hypanthium present

; sepals & petals 5,

usually connate

; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3;

ovary half-inferior or inferior

;

fruit usually

a berry

(with hardened rind a

pepo

);

seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers

Significant features: wide range of floral diversity,

“toothed” leaves lacking

stipules

;

female flowers

epiperigynous

Special uses: cucumbers (

Cucumis

), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (

Cucurbita

), watermelons (

Citrullus

) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds;

Luffa

, some ornamentals

Required familySlide51

Cucurbitaceae:

Cucurbita

gourds

, squashes, pumpkinSlide52

Rosids-Fabids:Fagales: Fagaceae

(The Oak and Beech Family)

Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere

Trees and shrubs

Diversity:

670-970

species in

7

genera

Flowers:

Unisexual

(

monoecious

);

t

epals

usually 6 and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary;

fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly

cupule

Significant features:

Male inflorescences in dangling catkins

;

female inflorescences in sessile clusters

Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees

Required family