An overview EUROPE 526600 CE MIDDLE AGES THE AGE OF FAITH MONASTICISM The rise of monks Poverty chastity obedience Monasteries Centers of learning monks could read and write Schools ID: 300418
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Slide1
THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1500 CE
An overviewSlide2
EUROPE: 526-600 CESlide3
MIDDLE AGES: “THE AGE OF FAITH”Slide4Slide5
MONASTICISM
The rise of monks
Poverty, chastity, obedience
Monasteries
Centers of learning – monks could read and write
Schools
Libraries
Scriptoria
Inns and shelters for travelers
Orphanages
Friars vs. monksSlide6
RELIGION OF THE MASSES
Christianity spreading in Europe
But, people
were superstitious
Devoted to many pagan rituals
Believed in witches
and witchcraft
Church initiated reform movements against such heresies
Friars: Dominicans
and Franciscans
Worked directly with populace, needy, sick
Championed spiritual over materialistic values
But some reform movements weren’t so kind…Slide7
MEDIEVAL TORTURE!
Torture was implemented for three reasons:
1) to force confessions or secret information
2) to discourage dissent and intellectual freedom
3) to persuade Jews, Muslims, and non-believers to accept Christianity
Medieval torture was a way to rid the Church of heretical individuals
Why was this allowed
?
What does this say about medieval law?Slide8
THE IRON MAIDEN
Spikes in the Iron Maiden were strategically located to avoid major organs, thereby prolonging the inevitable death of the accused.Slide9
PUBLIC
HUMILIATION
Hunger, thirst, bad weather and jeers (along with stones and rotten fruit) of passersby made this treatment nastier than it looks. Afterwards, the victim often left town if at all possible.Slide10
MUTILATION
Besides its painful and horrific aspects, it served as an effective deterrent. A blinded or handless thief was certainly put out of business
.
HEY, this sounds familiar…
Why would mutilation be an effective form of torture?Slide11
FIRE
Burning at the stake was not reserved for witches, but rather was a common form of execution. Political dissidents were usually burned as well.Slide12
STRAPPADO
Hands bound behind his back, the accused was drawn to the high ceiling and dropped with a jerk to the end of the rope, pulling his shoulders out of sockets.
Remember this – the Nazis used this as a form of punishment immediately when the Jews got to concentration camps
And then they were forced to work….Slide13
MORE TORTURE DEVICES
(just imagine….)
Hanging by the thumbs
The Cat’s Claw
Whipping
Archery practice
Breaking/beaten to death
The
Smallbox
Stocks
Live burial
Water torture
Quartering
Pinchers
The Iron Spider
Crocodile shears
The Saw
The Testicle Crusher
Punishment of heretics and Jews were often gruesomely creative – thought to inspire the public into faithSlide14
CHURCH POWER
Popes, clergy held enormous power
Church lands could not be taxed
Popes could deprive kings of their throne
Commoners in church –
Social background unimportant
WOMEN HAD ENORMOUS INFLUENCE
Popes took an active roll in sending out missionaries
Crusades,
anyone?Slide15
Recap: Why did Rome fall?
Invasions by Germanic tribes in the north
Visigoths
Ostrogoths
Lombards
Franks
Angles
Saxons
Tribes and families, loyalty to kings not state, Christianity on the riseSlide16
Summary: Politics
Early Middle Ages (first half)
Church is incredibly powerful
Politics is local
and based on who owns land; slowly individuals acquire more land and eventually create kingdoms
High Middle Ages (second half)
Church is still powerful
Kingdoms
have more defined borders and Kings are incredibly powerful (sometimes equal to or more powerful than the Church)Slide17
Rise of the Franks
The Franks
Belgium, Northern France, Western Germany
Clovis
A strong military and political leader
Built the most powerful and dynamic state in western Europe
Franks converted to Roman Christianity
Alliance with Catholics greatly strengthened Franks – why? Slide18
Carolingian
Dynasty
First
great Frankish
dynasty
Why is it important?
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)
Charlemagne
(768-814 CE)
Pope Leo III named Charlemagne emperor in 800
Holy Roman Empire!
(vs. Byzantine Empire)Slide19
The Frankish
Empire
under
Charlemagne
(will become known as the
Holy Roman Empire
)Slide20
End of the Franks
Charlemagne’s son,
Louis the Pious
Died;
Treaty of Verdun
His three sons divided the empire into three kingdoms
Fell apart quickly – due to… can you guess!?
Invasions!
Vikings from the north, Muslims in the Mediterranean, Magyars to the east
Vikings: Awesome seafarers. Also had names like “
Thorfinn
Skullsplitter
”Slide21
Vikings, Magyars, and ArabsSlide22
Europe 1000 CESlide23
Europe 1400 CE
Hundred Years’ War
–
(1337-1453)
RESULT:
Beginnings of nation-statesSlide24
MEDIEVAL LIFE:
FEUDAL AND MANORIAL SYSTEMS
In Europe in the Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems …
Governed life
Required people to perform certain duties and obligationsSlide25
FEUDAL SYSTEM: POLITICS
Kings
Lords
Vassals
SerfsSlide26
FEUDAL SYSTEM: POLITICSSlide27
MANORIALISM: ECONOMICS
Principal form of agricultural organization
Kings gave out lands to lords, vassals, knights, serfs (think back to the feudal pyramid)
Manors were self-sufficient communities Slide28
MANORIALISM: ECONOMICS
Peasants
Serfs
Free
Owned land
Worked land
Not free
Could not own land
Provide labor for ‘rent’
Drafted as foot soldiers in armiesSlide29
MEDIEVAL MANORSlide30
How did the feudal system work?
How did the manorial system work?
How did lords and peasants benefit from a manorial system?Slide31
Summary: Economics
Early Middle Ages (first half)
Manorialism
Small towns, self-sufficient agriculture
Little trade
High Middle Ages (second half)
Agricultural developments
Increased trade
Rise of townsSlide32
Early Middle Ages – Small Villages
Originally, agricultural surplus not enough to support large
cities
Why?
Then, agricultural advancements!
Three-field system
Fertilizer
Watermills and plows
All of which contributed to…Slide33
REVIVAL OF TOWNS AND TRADE
Urbanization
Increase in food production = larger population
Movement to cities
Trade growing
Hanseatic League
League of trading cities in Northern Europe
Made war on opponents, concluded treatiesSlide34
SOCIAL CHANGES
Three estates
“Those who pray” – clergy, spiritual estate
Popes, bishops, abbots, monks, priests
“Those who fight” – feudal nobles, military estate
“Those who work” – peasants and serfs
Burghers (townspeople) grew into middle class
Guilds
Chivalry and gender roles…. NEXT TIMESlide35
MEDIEVAL TRADE ROUTESSlide36
FLEAS ON RATS
1346, the
Black Plague hit Europe
Originated in China, moved via trade routes to Europe
Plague spread incredibly quickly
Wiped out 2/3 of Europe’s population
FREEDOM TO PEASANTS! …we’ll get there.
Poor living conditions, crowded cities, lots of interaction with others due to trade
Many viewed the Plague as a punishment from GodSlide37
CRUSADES
Pope
Urban II
Wanted to reclaim the holy places near Jerusalem
The First Crusade
French, Normans
organized
a respectable
military
expedition
, 1096
Jerusalem fell to
the
C
rusaders
, 1099 Slide38
MAP OF THE CRUSADESSlide39
THE CRUSADES
Second Crusade
Muslims took the land back
Third Crusade
Saladin and Richard the Lion-hearted
Agreement! Muslims controlled the holy land, but Christians could freely visit
Fourth Crusade
Got sidetracked and looted Constantinople
Caused HUGE split between Byzantine Empire and Holy Roman Empire… “The Great Schism”Slide40
INQUISITION AND RECONQUISTA
The Crusades but specifically in Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to remove all Muslims from Spain
Why were there Muslims in Spain?
Against Muslims, Jews, and heretics – goal was to unite Spain in ChristianitySlide41
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRUSADES
Religious intolerance
Especially toward the Jews
Weakened feudal nobility
K
nights were gone off to battle!
Stimulated trade and ideas
Facilitated exchange of goods between Muslims, Europe
Silk, cotton textiles, spices, citrus plants, sugar
Italian merchants sought trade in Asian markets
Reacquired Aristotle and Greek classics
From?
Muslim science, math, technology, paper skills, architecture
Helped
produce a 12th century European intellectual RenaissanceSlide42
(SLOW) END OF THE MIDDLE AGES