Major Eras of European History Ancient GreeceRome Middle Ages Everything in between 500 1500 Modern 1500s and on Periodization of the Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 500 CE 1000 CE ID: 205228
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Slide1
The Middle AgesSlide2
Major Eras of European History
Ancient: Greece/Rome
Middle Ages: Everything in between (500 – 1500)
Modern: 1500’s and onSlide3
Periodization of the Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages: 500 CE – 1000 CE
High Middle Ages: 1000 CE – 1250 CE
Late Middle Ages: 1250 CE - 1500 CESlide4
Timeline
Take 5 minutes to read over your “
Brief Timeline of the Catholic Church in Western Europe
during
the Middle
Ages”
Is there anything that’s “jumps out” at you?Slide5
Fall of the Roman Empire
Rome was the most powerful empire the world had ever seen.Slide6
Roman Legacy
Art & Architecture
Arches, Domes, Vaults
Aqueducts
Roads
Tech & Science
New building materialsSlide7
Roman Legacy cont’d
3) Literature/Language
Romance = Roman
Romantic languages
4) Law
Roman Republic
influence
USA
Senators
‘Equality’
DemocracySlide8Slide9Slide10Slide11
A Disclaimer!
Religion is a large part of the place and time we are studying.
For many people it is a large part of their lives in this place and time.
What are some strategies to ensure that you can voice your opinions and be sensitive to others?
If you ever feel uncomfortable or offended by something someone has said…Please let me know. Slide12
Things you need to know:
Diocletian
(
51
st
Emperor
284 to 305
CE
) split the Roman empire in two.
He thought the empire was too big and it needed a second ruler
Historical significance = Byzantium Empire (East)
Byzantium Empire would last about 1000 years longer than the Western Roman Empire
Constantine
(Emperor from
306 to 337 CE)
Unified the Roman Empire under ChristianityBuilt a new imperial residence at Byzantium (it was named Constantinople in his honor after his death and is the capital for the Eastern Roman Empire for a thousand years)Edict of Milan: 313 CELegalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire, reversing Diocletian’
s policy of persecution.
This has lasting impacts on Europe.
“Wherefore
, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their
homes”
Why did Christianity spread so easily?Slide13
Europe in the 6
th
CenturySlide14Slide15
The Medieval Catholic Church
F
illed the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
M
onasticism:
a religious way of life that involves renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote one's self to spiritual work
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscriptsmonks and missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]Slide16
Role of Church in Middle Ages
Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization.
The Church was led by popes. Priests and nuns converted, gave care to peopleSlide17
Role of Church
Monks were spiritual leaders (obviously)
They lived in monasteries that acted like trade schools and YMCAs Slide18
Role of Church
They spent years transcribing the Bible since the printing press
wasn
’
t used in Europe yet.Slide19
Role of Church
Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power.
Popes were more powerful than kings!Slide20
A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumSlide21
Illuminated Manuscripts
Text is supplemented with decoration (initials, borders, decorations)
This actually aided with the preservation of literature from Greece and Rome
It was a way of aggrandizing ancient documents thus aiding
their
preservation in
an era when new ruling classes were no longer literateSlide22
Sacraments
E
fficacious
signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to
us
7 Sacraments:
Baptism (Christening)
Confirmation (Chrismation)
Holy
Eucharist
Penance (Confession)
Anointing
of the Sick
(Last Rites)
Holy
OrdersMatrimony (Marriage)Slide23
Theoretically speaking it makes little difference as to which language is used in the Mass. God understands all languages. In
practice
, however it does make a
difference
The people hearing the words in their own language without any explanation, become self interpreters; this is nothing more than ProtestantismSlide24
A Medieval Monk’s DaySlide25
The Power of the Medieval Church
B
ishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
T
he church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
T
ried to curb feudal warfare
only 40
days a year for combat.Curb heresies
Crusades
Inquisition
Tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. Peter’s Pence: 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants]. Slide26
A Medieval CastleSlide27
Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleSlide28
Feudalism
Feudalism
: A decentralized form of government that stressed alliances of mutual protection between monarchs and nobles
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.Slide29
FeudalismSlide30
Feudalism (political system)
The kings had lots of land; he gave land to lords in exchange for protection and $.
Lords gave their land to knights in exchange for protection, $.
Knights let serfs work the land and he would protect them.
Serfs got food and shelter.
Thus, each person had rights and responsibilitiesSlide31Slide32
Manoralism (economic system)
For safety and for defense, people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master. Most people lived on a manor, which consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and the surrounding farm land. These manors were isolated, with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.
Why do you think everyone chose to be isolated?Slide33
The Medieval ManorSlide34
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at workSlide35Slide36
Chivalry- Code of Honor Slide37
The System
Fief
: A parcel of land with peasants.
Serf
: A worker on a fief who was not free. They worked the land in exchange for protection and the right to work the fields.
Vassal
: One who enters into mutual obligations with a lord or monarch.
Lord
: A high ranking aristocratSlide38Slide39
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGESlide40
Magna Carta
Signed in 1215
Example of Rule of Law
English King John was a bad king so his nobles forced him to sign it.
Limited powers of king.Slide41
Why Feudalism
Feudalism/
Manoralism
came from people
’
s need for protection. Each member had rights and responsibilities.
Cultures interact through wars, such as the Crusades, and trade ideas such as democratic ideas or religious ideasSlide42
Why was Constantinople so
Important Geographically
?Slide43
The Crusades
Thousands of knights and
“
barbarian
”
soldiers united under Christianity attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to gain the land for Christians.Slide44
Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeSlide45
Setting Out on CrusadeSlide46Slide47
Romanesque Archtectural
Style
Rounded Arches
Darker, simplistic
interiors
Barrel Vaults
Thick Walls
Small windowsSlide48
Gothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches
High, narrow vaults
Thinner walls
Elaborate, airier interiors
Stained-glass windows
Flying buttressesSlide49
Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle AgesSlide50
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled
membership
apprentice
journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled pricesSlide51
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopSlide52
Crest of a Cooper’s GuildSlide53Slide54
Oxford UniversitySlide55
Late Medieval Town DwellingsSlide56Slide57
Important Middle Ages Technologies
Water Wheel
Eyeglasses
Mechanical Clock
Printing
GunpowderSlide58
Eyeglasses
Invented in Pisa 13
th
century
By 15
th
century Italy making thousands spectacles
Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments
Gauges
Micrometers
Fine wheel cutters
Precision toolsSlide59
Mechanical Clock
Undermined Church authority
equal hours for day and night a new concept
Resisted by the church for a century
Every town wanted one
Public clocks installed in towers
Conquerors seized as spoils of war
Allowed individual autonomy
Work now measured by time
increased productivity
Bern, SwitzerlandSlide60
Gunpowder
Europeans improved gunpowder to siege castles
Europeans focused on range and weight of projectiles: siege warfare
With improved metal casting, made world
’
s best cannonSlide61
Economic and Cultural Revival in the Late Middle Ages
Economic ExpansionSlide62
Agriculture
Newer heavier plows
Greater food production leads to greater settlement
Yoke replaces collar harness
Oxen are replaced by horses, for faster pulling, allowing farmers to plant and grow more cropsSlide63
Expansion of Trade
Revival of towns causes the expansion of trade
Sea lanes and roads to new markets
Western Europe is connected
Roman road system is rebuilt
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa becomes centers of trade in Mediterranean (skills and spices)Slide64
Banking
A money economy replaces a barter system
Banking sector is created
Money changers exchange currencies from different traders from different lands
Funds are transferred from one place to another
Deposits
Loans
The feudalism declines
Kings, clergy and nobles become dependent on money and loans
To pay the loans they sell their feudal holdings
They demand money in replacement for traditional feudal services (obligations)
Serfs can buy freedomSlide65
Towns Grow
1000-1100 CE sees enormous growth in towns
Generally located on transportation routes
Walls develop for protection
Almost no sanitation
Garbage and sewer stench everywhere
Causes the rapid spread of disease (epidemic)
Bubonic plague (1348-1350)
1/3 of population dead (Black Death)Slide66
Guilds
1100s CE merchants and artisans form these business organizations
Primary function of merchant guild was to maintain a monopoly of the local market
This leads to trade restrictions
Uniform pricing
Craft guilds regulated the work of artisans (carpenters, blacksmiths,
ect
)
strict rules on prices, wages, and employment
Controlled by masters
Apprentice
Journeyman MasterSlide67
Rise of the Middle Class
Medieval towns (burgs) saw a new class of people
Merchants, bankers, artisans no longer had to rely on the land to make a living
The merchant class gave rise to organized municipalities
As the middle class grew, kings even began to rely on them for loans, as well as for tax dollars
These merchants eventually became advisors to nobility and kingsSlide68
Education
During the Early Middle Ages most people are illiterate
and education is controlled by the clergy
S
tudents in monasteries learned grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
The growth of towns later necessitates educated officials, lawyers (as courts and a legal system evolves)
Universities begin around 1150 BCE
Students studied
Latin classics and Roman Law
Aristotle and the Greeks
Islamic scholarship and the sciences
This leads to the rise of western scienceSlide69
Medieval Literature and Art
The influence of universities and the revival of the classic Greek ideas advance literature and the arts
Middle Age songs and epics are put into writing
Most literature is written in the vernacular (the language of everyday speech) instead of using Latin as a Common Language
English, German ,French, Italian, Spanish give each kingdom a separate identity and make literature accessible to the average personSlide70
Gothic Architecture Emerges
New construction methods allow for high ceilings, large internal spaces, thin walls, stain glass windows, and commonly designed cathedrals