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You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and series number. Publishing Services Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail rschneider@fs.fed.us Website http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications Mailing address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 Reeves, Derrick; Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Coleman, Mark. 2011. Detrimental soil disturbance associated with timber harvest systems on National Forests in the Northern Region . Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-89 Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 12 p. ABSTR Maintaining site productivity on forested lands within the National Forest System is a Federal mandate. To meet this mandate, soil conditions on timber harvest units within the Northern Region of the USDA Forest Service cannot exceed a threshold of 15% areal extent of detrimental soil disturbance (DSD; dened as a combination of compaction, puddling, rutting, burning, erosion, and displacement). The objectives of this study were to collate post-harvest soil monitoring data and to statistically document the areal extent of DSD resulting from timber harvest systems in the Northern Region. Current and legacy post-harvest soil monitoring data on National Forests throughout the Northern Region were collected to determine whether timber harvest systems (ground-based, skyline, or helicopter) used in the Northern Region result in DSD levels in excess of the mandated 15% areal extent. Statistical models developed in this study showed signicant differences in the areal extent of DSD following timber harvest operations among ground- based, skyline, and helicopter harvest systems; among harvest seasons; and among National Forests. The frequency of DSD harvest operations followed the general ��trend of ground-basedskylinehelicopter. Winter ground-based harvest resulted in a signicantly lower areal extent of DSD than summer ground-based harvest. Differences among Forests may have been caused by unique physiographic and ecological characteristics and distinct survey methods. However, despite signicant differences in the amount of DSD resulting from similar timber harvest systems, none of the harvest systems that we evaluated on the National Forests consistently resulted in mean disturbance levels in excess of the 15% areal extent threshold. Keywords: displacement, compaction, ground-based logging, skyline, helicopter, areal extent AUTHORS Derrick Reeves , MSc student, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow. Deborah Page-Dumroese , Research Soil Scientist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, Idaho. Mark Coleman , Assistant Professor and Director Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow. RY The National Forest Management Act of 1976 (NFMA) mandates that management systems “will not produce substantial and permanent impairment of the productivity of the land.” In response to this mandate, soil quality standards were developed for each Region of the USDA Forest Service. To comply with the NFMA mandate in the Northern Region, detrimental soil disturbance (DSD; a combination of compaction, rutting, severely burned soil, displacement, erosion, and soil mass movement) must not exceed 15% of the areal extent of a timber harvest unit when harvest and site preparation activities are complete. In the Northern Region, monitoring of post-harvest soil disturbance levels has been achieved using several methods since the soil quality standards were last revised in 1999. Despite the lack of a common monitoring protocol, the shared objective of all soil monitoring methods has been to nd the areal extent of detrimentally disturbed soil on the harvest unit in order to determine the extent to which harvest activities meet the Regional standard. We collected current and legacy soil monitoring data that was gathered post-1999 from throughout the Northern Region for all timber harvest systems in order to evaluate the differences in the areal extent of DSD resulting from ground-based, skyline, and helicopter harvest systems over different harvest seasons. Where sufcient data were available, we also evaluated the areal extent of DSD resulting from different harvest systems/harvest seasons for the individual Forests in the Northern Region. Using a statistical model developed in this study, we came to the following conclusions: (1) The mean areal extent of DSD does not exceed the 15% threshold for any harvest system in the Northern Region, based on the data we collected and were given. (2) Signicant differences in the areal extent of post-harvest/post-site preparation DSD result from different harvest systems. The trend in DSD for the Northern ��Region harvest systems is ground-basedskylinehelicopter. (3) The areal extent of DSD is signicantly higher as a result of ground-based summer harvest than ground-based winter harvest. (4) The harvest method that listed “tractor” as the equipment type lacked enough precision for denitive conclusions about DSD resulting from ground-based equipment. (5) Signicant variation exists in the areal extent of DSD post-harvest among National Forests in the Northern Region (and by extension, the soil disturbance monitors) utilizing similar harvest systems and harvest seasons. (6) The institutional bias in the Northern Region that directs soil monitoring efforts toward harvest units that are more susceptible to DSD is justied. (7) The applicability of large-scale assessments to determine the impact to the soil resource and its productive capacity is limited because of disparate sampling protocols that are implemented over a wide-range of climatic, geographic, and soil characteristics. Land managers can reasonably predict that the areal extent of post-harvest DSD on proposed skyline and helicopter harvest units will fall under the 15% threshold on harvest units with minimal pre-existing DSD. In addition, the Forest Service stands to benet from the adoption of a common soil monitoring protocol that standardizes a common monitoring method when pre- and post-harvest soil monitoring occurs, and delineates the soil disturbance resulting from harvest activities and from site preparation activities. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank all the forest soil scientists in the Northern Region for providing soil monitoring data from the forests included in this paper. Without their dedicated assistance, we wouldn’t have been able to evaluate the impacts of harvest operations. We also thank the countless summer employees who helped collect monitoring data. Most of all, we acknowledge the help and nancial support of Meredith Webster and the Northern Region. CONTENTS Research Summary i Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Methods 2 Data Collection 2 Detrimental Soil Impacts Denition 2 Monitoring Methods 2 Description of Harvest Systems 2 Statistical Analysis 4 Results 4 Region-Wide 4 Individual Forests 4 Discussion 7 Regional Analysis 7 Individual Forest Analysis 9 Conclusion 10 References 10 Appendix A. 12 ii USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. Introduction Maintenance of soil productivity is a statutory mandate of the National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976. The NFMA and the administrative National Forest System Land and Resource Management Planning Act of 1982 (Planning Rule) related to maintenance of soil productivity are general VWDWHPHQWVWKDWJLYHPDQDJHUVVLJQL¿FDQWÀH[LELOLW\LQKRZ soil and site productivity are maintained. Efforts to deter - PLQHWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWDNHQ E\WKH86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFHZHUHPHHWLQJOHJDOPDQGDWHV UHODWLYHWRVRLOSURGXFWLYLW\OHGWRWKH¿UVWVRLOTXDOLW\VWDQ - dards (SQS) in North America. )RUHVW6HUYLFH0DQXDODQGWKH64686'$ developed for the Northern Region of the Forest Service de - VFULEHVSHFL¿FGH¿QLWLRQVSROLF\DQGGLUHFWLRQIRUPHHWLQJ mandates and directives set forth in NFMA and the Planning Rule. The Northern Region SQS (Supplement 2500-99-1) ZHUHODVWUHYLVHGLQ7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKH646DUHWR “meet direction in the National Forest Management Act of DQGRWKHUOHJDOPDQGDWHVDQGWRPDQDJH)RUHVW6\VWHP ODQGVXQGHUHFRV\VWHPPDQDJHPHQWSULQFLSOHVZLWKRXWSHU - manent impairment of land productivity and to maintain or LPSURYHVRLOTXDOLW\´7KLVSROLF\LVEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQ WKDWGHWULPHQWDOVRLOGLVWXUEDQFH'6'PXVWUHGXFHYHJHWD - WLYHJURZWKE\PRUHWKDQEHIRUHLWLVGHWHFWDEOHGXULQJ URXWLQHPHDVXUHPHQWV3RZHUVDQGRWKHUV+RZHYHU LWKDVDOVRFRPHWRPHDQWKDWWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'VKRXOG EHOHVVWKDQWRPDLQWDLQVLWHTXDOLW\3RZHUVDQGRWK - HUV7RPHHWWKHSROLF\GLUHFWLRQFXPXODWLYHOHYHOV of soil impacts considered detrimental to land productiv - LW\PXVWQRWH[FHHGRIWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRIDQ\JLYHQ PDQDJHPHQWXQLW6RLOVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHGHWULPHQWDOO\ LPSDFWHGZKHQGLVWXUEDQFHWKUHVKROGVVHWE\HDFK86'$ )RUHVW6HUYLFH5HJLRQDUHH[FHHGHGIRUFRPSDFWLRQGLV - SODFHPHQWUXWWLQJVHYHUHEXUQLQJVXUIDFHHURVLRQORVVRI VXUIDFHRUJDQLFPDWWHUDQGVRLOPDVVPRYHPHQW7KHDV - sumption is that the magnitude of these impacts is dependent RQWKHHFRORJLFDOLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQORFDOFOLPDWHDQGVRLO SK\VLFDOFKHPLFDODQGELRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGSURFHVVHV +RZHYHUDWWKHWLPHWKHVHVWDQGDUGVZHUHGHYHORSHGOLWWOH UHVHDUFKKDGEHHQFRPSOHWHGWRYDOLGDWHWKHLPSDFWVRIWKHVH VRLOGLVWXUEDQFHVRQIRUHVWSURGXFWLYLW\HJ vegetative re - JURZWKDIWHUKDUYHVWLQJ3DJH'XPURHVHDQGRWKHUV RURQKRZLQGLYLGXDOVRLOW\SHVPLJKWUHVSRQGWRYDULRXV management systems. Areas not managed for vegetation and ZDWHUUHVRXUFHVVXFKDVSHUPDQHQWURDGVKDUYHVWODQGLQJV PLQHVGHYHORSHGUHFUHDWLRQDUHDVDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVLWHV 7KH86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFH646GHVFULEHDV\VWHPDWLF SURFHVVE\ZKLFKGDWDDUHFROOHFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHLIVRLOPDQ - DJHPHQWREMHFWLYHVWRPDLQWDLQORQJWHUPSURGXFWLYLW\DUH DFKLHYHG1HDU\DQGRWKHUV+RZHVDQGRWKHUV SURYLGHGDSURWRFROIRUTXDQWLWDWLYHIRUHVWVRLOPRQLWRULQJ WKDWZDVXVHGLQWKH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW5HJLRQEXWDUDSLG TXDOLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWZDVIDYRUHGWRUHGXFHWKHPRQLWRULQJ EXUGHQDQGWRDOORZPRUHDVVHVVPHQWFDSDFLW\+RZHV &XUUDQDQGRWKHUV3DJH'XPURHVHDQGRWKHUV GHYHORSHGWKH)RUHVW6RLO'LVWXUEDQFH0RQLWRULQJ3URWRFRO ZKLFKKDVEHHQDGRSWHGIRUQDWLRQZLGHXVHE\WKH86'$ )RUHVW6HUYLFH7KLVSURWRFROVWDQGDUGL]HVKRZVRLOGDWDDUH FROOHFWHGVRWKDWVLWHVFDQEHFRPSDUHGDWERWKWHPSRUDODQG VSDWLDOVFDOHV3UHYLRXVO\SRVWKDUYHVWVRLOGLVWXUEDQFHPRQL - WRULQJGDWDKDGEHHQREVHUYHGDQGGRFXPHQWHGXVLQJVHYHUDO GLIIHUHQWIRUPDWVDQG¿HOGPHWKRGVVLQFHWKH646ZHUHUH - YLVHGLQ$OWKRXJKWKHIRUPDWKDVYDULHGRYHUWLPHWKH FRPPRQREMHFWLYHKDVEHHQWRGRFXPHQWWKHH[WHQWRI'6' LQYDULRXVWLPEHUKDUYHVWXQLWV7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVVWXG\ ZHUHWRFROODWHWKHSRVWKDUYHVWVRLOPRQLWRULQJGDWDDQGWR VWDWLVWLFDOO\GRFXPHQWWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURP JURXQGEDVHGVN\OLQHDQGKHOLFRSWHUWLPEHUKDUYHVWV\VWHPV LQWKH1RUWKHUQ5HJLRQRIWKH86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFH Detrimental Soil Disturbance Associated with Timber Harvest Systems on National Forests in the Northern Region Derrick Reeves, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Mark Coleman USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. harvest units on random or pre-selected transects represen - WDWLYHRIWKHDUHD3HULRGLFVDPSOHSRLQWVZHUHFROOHFWHG DORQJHDFKWUDQVHFW7KHQXPEHURIVDPSOHSRLQWVLQHDFK XQLWQXPEHURIXQLWVPRQLWRUHGOHYHORIVLWHVWUDWL¿FDWLRQ VORSHDVSHFWHWFDQGKRZPXFKRIWKHDUHDLVWUDYHUVHG is at the discretion of each soil scientist. Quantitative or TXDOLWDWLYHPHWKRGVVXFKDVPHDVXULQJDLQFUHDVHLQ EXONGHQVLW\FRXOGEHDSSOLHGXVLQJDQ\PHWKRGDYDLODEOH at the time of data collection and ranged from collecting EXONGHQVLW\FRUHVHJ %ODNHDQG+DUWJHWRXVLQJ WKH³VKRYHOWHVW´VOLGLQJDWLOHVSDGHLQWRWKHVRLOWRGHWHU - mine a change in soil resistance to penetration relative to DVLWHVSHFL¿FFRQWURO>XQKDUYHVWHGRUXQLPSDFWHG@VRLO %HFDXVHRIWKHGLVFUHWLRQDU\QDWXUHRIVRLOGLVWXUEDQFHFRO - OHFWLRQDQGDOVREHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRIVRLOPRQLWRULQJGDWD RQVRPH1DWLRQDO)RUHVWVZHZHUHXQDEOHWRVWUDWLI\VLWHVE\ VRLOWH[WXUHGHSWKWREHGURFNURFNIUDJPHQWFRQWHQWFRYHU W\SHDQGDPRXQWRURWKHUVLWHIHDWXUHVIRU'6'PRGHOLQJ,Q DGGLWLRQRQO\DIHZORFDWLRQVFROOHFWHGSUHKDUYHVWGDWDWR SURYLGHDEDVHOLQHIRUFRPSDULVRQ7KHUHZDVQRWLPHVWDQ - dard after harvest and site preparation operations ceased for Description of Harvest Systems Ground-based harvest systems +DUYHVWV\VWHPVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGJURXQGEDVHGLIWKH IROORZLQJHTXLSPHQWZDVXVHGGXULQJKDUYHVWRSHUDWLRQV UXEEHUWLUHGVNLGGHUV576\DUGLQJEROHRQO\RUZKROH WUHHVHJPHQWVWKDWZHUHKDQGIHOO³KDQGIHOO576´RU PDFKLQHIHOO³PDFKLQHIHOO576´ +DUYHVWHU)RUZDUGHURUFXWWROHQJWKV\VWHPV³+DUYHVWHU 7UDFWRUZDVRIWHQXVHGDVDGHIDXOWFDWHJRU\ZKHQVRLO PRQLWRUVDUHXQVXUHRIWKHJURXQGEDVHGHTXLSPHQW XVHG³7UDFWRU´LQFOXGHVUXEEHUWLUHGVNLGGHUVRUWUDFNHG YHKLFOHV\DUGLQJKDQGIHOOHGRUPDFKLQHIHOOHGWLPEHU +DUYHVWXQLWVWKDWZHUHJURXQGEDVHGPDFKLQHIHOO DQGODFNHGDVSHFL¿F\DUGLQJPDFKLQHZHUHUHFRUGHGDV Skyline harvest systems +DUYHVWV\VWHPVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHVN\OLQHLIWKH IROORZLQJHTXLSPHQWZDVXVHGGXULQJKDUYHVWRSHUDWLRQVVWD - WLRQDU\PDFKLQHVWKDW\DUGZKROHWUHHRUEROHRQO\VHJPHQWV WRDFHQWUDOODQGLQJORFDWLRQE\PHDQVRIDFDEOHVXVSHQGLQJ DWOHDVWRQHHQGRIWKHWUHHVHJPHQW8QLWVWKDWZHUHKDQG IHOODQGVN\OLQH\DUGHGZHUHUHFRUGHGDV³VN\OLQH´DQGXQLWV Methods Data Collection 'DWDIRUWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRISRVWKDUYHVWDQGSRVWVLWH SUHSDUDWLRQ'6'ZHUHFROOHFWHGIURPLQGLYLGXDOWLP - EHUKDUYHVWXQLWVIURP1DWLRQDO)RUHVWVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ Region (Figure1). Only data collected after the last revi - VLRQRIWKH646SRVWZHUHFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKLVVWXG\ 'DWDZHUHSURYLGHGE\HDFKRIWKH1DWLRQDO)RUHVWVLQUHSRUW RU¿HOGGDWDVKHHWIRUPDQGZHFROOHFWHGDGGLWLRQDOGDWD LQWKHVXPPHURIWR¿OOREYLRXVJDSV$GGLWLRQDOGDWD ZDVFROOHFWHGXVLQJWKH)RUHVW6RLO'LVWXUEDQFH0RQLWRULQJ 3URWRFRO3DJH'XPURHVHDQGRWKHUV7KHGDWDVHWLQ - FOXGHG'6'LQIRUPDWLRQIURPJURXQGEDVHGVN\OLQHDQG helicopter harvest systems from each of four harvest seasons VSULQJVXPPHUIDOODQGZLQWHU7DEOH Detrimental Soil Impacts Denition ([LVWHQFHRIRQHRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIDQ\RIWKHDWWUL - EXWHVOLVWHGEHORZFDQLQGLFDWHGHWULPHQWDOVRLOFRQGLWLRQV After management activities of harvesting and site prepa - UDWLRQRIWKHDFWLYLW\DUHDKDUYHVWXQLWPXVWEHLQD VDWLVIDFWRU\FRQGLWLRQZLWKRXWGHWULPHQWDOLPSDFWV7KH 1RUWKHUQ5HJLRQ646GH¿QHGHWULPHQWDOLPSDFWVDVWKHIRO - Compaction: DLQFUHDVHLQWKHQDWXUDOEXONGHQVLW\ &XPXODWLYHHIIHFWVRIPXOWLSOHVLWHHQWULHVVKRXOGEH considered. Rutting: ZKHHOUXWVDWOHDVWLQFKHVFPGHHSLQZHWVRLOV Displacement UHPRYDORI � 1inch (2.5 cm) of any surface KRUL]RQXVXDOO\WKH$KRUL]RQIURPDFRQWLQXRXVDUHD greater than 100 ft 2 (9.2 m 2 ). Severely burned soil: SK\VLFDODQGELRORJLFDOFKDQJHVWRWKH VRLOUHVXOWLQJIURPKLJKLQWHQVLW\EXUQVRIORQJGXUDWLRQDV GHVFULEHGLQWKH%XUQHG$UHD(PHUJHQF\5HKDELOLWDWLRQ Surface erosion: ULOOVJXOOLHVSHGHVWDOVDQGVRLOGHSRVLWLRQ Soil mass movement: DQ\VRLOPDVVPRYHPHQWFDXVHGE\ management activity. Monitoring Methods Soil scientists on each of the National Forests used any DYDLODEOHPHWKRGVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJZKHQGHWULPHQWDOVRLOFRQ - GLWLRQVH[LVWHGLQKDUYHVWXQLWV7\SLFDOO\PRQLWRUVWUDYHUVHG USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. Figure 1. National Forests of the Northern Region that were included in the study. Table 1. Number of timber harvest units associated with individual National Forests by harvest system. Ground Forest(non-winter)Ground (winter) a Total Beaverhead-Deerlodge0004 Bitterroot451212 11 Custer1220014 Flathead22190142 11 Idaho Panhandle10950245.8 118 Lewis and Clark31004 Nez Perce a Winter harvest is designated as harvest operations that were completed during December, January, or February. USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. Table 3. ANOVA table listing model variables and probability values for Regional analysis of DSD due to ground-based timber harvest. Variablep-Value Forest Harvest system0.1478 Harvest season0.0055 0.0011 Figure 2. Detrimental soil disturbance values by harvest system for all National Forests surveyed in the Northern Region. Graphed values are mean values reported on untransformed data. Error bars represent the standard error associated with the mean values. Figure 3. Areal extent of DSD resulting from ground-based harvest in the Northern Region by season. Graphed values are mean values reported on untransformed data. Error bars represent the standard error associated with the mean values. Figure 4. Areal extent of DSD for ground-based harvest on individual National Forests in the Northern Region during the summer and winter seasons. *No data was available from the Beaverhead Deerlodge (B_D) or Clearwater National Forests for ground- based winter harvest. Graphed values are mean values reported on untransformed data . Error bars represent the standard error associated with the mean values USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. 0HDQYDOXHVIRU'6'ZHUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJKHUIRUWKHIDOO harvest season units (p = 0.0125) than for the summer har - Bitterroot National Forest 'DWDFRQVLVWHGRIQLQHJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWXQLWV¿YHRI ZKLFKZHUHKDUYHVWHGLQZLQWHUWZRKHOLFRSWHUXQLWVDQG RQHVN\OLQHXQLW7DEOH 7KHUHZHUHQRGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHPHDQYDOXHVIRUDUHDOH[ - WHQWRI'6'DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHKHOLFRSWHUDQGVN\OLQHKDU - YHVWXQLWVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\0HDQYDOXHVRI DUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'IRUJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWZHUH +LJKOHYHOVRI'6'YDULDELOLW\UHVXOWHGLQQRVLJQL¿FDQW GLIIHUHQFHLQWKHUHSRUWHGPHDQYDOXHVIRUDUHDOH[WHQWRI '6'UHVXOWLQJIURPVXPPHUDQGZLQWHU Clearwater National Forest 'DWDFRQVLVWHGRIJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWXQLWVDQG VN\OLQHXQLWVDOOKDUYHVWHGLQVXPPHU7DEOH Summer harvesting resulted in no differences among the 0HDQYDOXHVRIWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURP VN\OLQHKDUYHVWZHUHORZHUSWKDQIURPJURXQG 5HSRUWHGPHDQYDOXHVIRUWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOWLQJ IURPKDUYHVWHUIRUZDUGHUPDFKLQHIHOO576DQGVN\OLQH KDUYHVWV\VWHPVZHUHDQGUHVSHF - tively. Custer National Forest 'DWDFRQVLVWHGRIJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWXQLWVRI ZKLFKZHUHKDUYHVWHGLQZLQWHU7DEOH 7KHUHZHUHQRGLIIHUHQFHVE\VHDVRQLQWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI '6'IURPJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWS!DQGPHDQDU - Flathead National Forest We analyzed data from 42 harvest units. Forty-one units ZHUHJURXQGEDVHGXQLWVDQGRQHZDVKDUYHVWHGE\KHOL - FRSWHU2IWKHJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWXQLWVZHUHZLQ - WHUKDUYHVWHG7DEOH 7KHUHZHUHQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHDUHDOH[WHQW RI'6'OHYHOVEHWZHHQVXPPHUDQGZLQWHUKDUYHVW+RZ - HYHUZLQWHUKDUYHVWLQJSURGXFHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\PRUH'6' WKDQKDUYHVWRSHUDWLRQVWKDWZHUHFRPSOHWHGLQWKH 7KHUHZHUHQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQDUHDOH[WHQWRI '6'EHWZHHQJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWDQGKHOLFRSWHU Helena National Forest :HDQDO\]HGGDWDIURPKDUYHVWXQLWV1LQHZHUH JURXQGEDVHGXQLWVDQGWZRZHUHVN\OLQHXQLWV6HYHQRI WKHJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWXQLWVZHUHFRPSOHWHGLQZLQWHU 7DEOH 7KHUHZDVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'OHYHOV EHWZHHQZLQWHUDQGVXPPHUJURXQGEDVHG harvests. 7KHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'ZDVVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVIROORZLQJ VN\OLQHKDUYHVWLQJWKDQIROORZLQJJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWS = 0.0479). $UHDOH[WHQWRI'6'IURPJURXQGEDVHGORJJLQJZDV Idaho Panhandle National Forest :HDQDO\]HGGDWDIURPKDUYHVWXQLWV1LQHWHHQZHUH JURXQGEDVHGXQLWVDQG¿YHZHUHVN\OLQHXQLWV1LQHRIWKH JURXQGEDVHGXQLWVZHUHFRPSOHWHGLQWKHZLQWHU7DEOH 7KHUHZDVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'OHYHOV IROORZLQJJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWEHWZHHQZLQWHU +DUYHVWXQLWVOLVWHGE\PRQLWRUVDV³WUDFWRU´UHVXOWHGLQ KLJKHUOHYHOVRIDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'WKDQWKRVHKDUYHVWHG E\VN\OLQHV\VWHPVERWKPHFKDQLFDOO\DQGKDQGIHOOHGS  DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\+RZHYHUWKHDUHDOH[ - WHQWVRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURPRWKHUKDUYHVWV\VWHPVZHUHQRW VLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPRQHDQRWKHU 7KHPHDQDUHDOH[WHQWVRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURPDOOKDUYHVW V\VWHPVRQWKLV)RUHVWDUHOLVWHGLQ$SSHQGL[$ Kootenai National Forest 7KLVGDWDVHWZDVWKHODUJHVWDQGFRQVLVWHGRIKDUYHVW XQLWV2IWKHKDUYHVWXQLWVZHUHJURXQGEDVHGKDU - YHVWHGZHUHVN\OLQHKDUYHVWHGDQGZHUHKHOLFRSWHU KDUYHVWHG6HYHQW\HLJKWRIWKHJURXQGEDVHGXQLWVZHUH FRPSOHWHGLQWKHZLQWHU7DEOH 7KHUHZDVOHVVDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURPZLQWHU JURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWWKDQIURPVXPPHUJURXQG EDVHGKDUYHVWS +HOLFRSWHUKDUYHVWLQJ UHVXOWHGLQOHVVDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'WKDQDQ\RWKHUKDUYHVW 6N\OLQHKDUYHVWUHVXOWHGLQOHVVDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6' WKDQXQLWVWKDWZHUHPHFKDQLFDOO\IHOOHGDQGJURXQGVNLG - USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. 7KHUHZHUHQRGLIIHUHQFHVLQ'6'EHWZHHQWKHRWKHUYDUL - 7KHDYHUDJHDUHDOH[WHQWVRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURPDOOKDU - vest systems on the Kootenai National Forest are listed in $SSHQGL[$ Lewis and Clark National Forest 'DWDZDVOLPLWHGWRIRXUKDUYHVWXQLWV$OOKDUYHVWXQLWV ZHUHJURXQGEDVHGDQGRQHZDVFRPSOHWHGLQWKHZLQWHU 7DEOH 7KHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'ZDVOHVVIURPZLQWHUJURXQG EDVHGKDUYHVWLQJWKDQIURPVXPPHURUIDOOJURXQG EDVHGKDUYHVWLQJDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\S Lolo National Forest :HDQDO\]HGGDWDIURPKDUYHVWXQLWV)LIW\VL[XQLWV ZHUHKDUYHVWHGZLWKJURXQGEDVHGV\VWHPVDQGXQLWV ZHUHVN\OLQHKDUYHVWHG7ZHQW\VL[RIWKHJURXQGEDVHG XQLWVZHUHFRPSOHWHGLQWKHZLQWHU7DEOH 7KHUHZDVOHVVDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'IURPZLQWHUJURXQG EDVHGKDUYHVWWKDQIURPVXPPHUJURXQGEDVHG KDUYHVWS7KHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UH - VXOWLQJIURPVN\OLQHKDUYHVWZDVOHVVWKDQIURPDOO other harvest systems (p) 7KHUHZDVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOW - LQJIURPPDFKLQHIHOOVN\OLQHRUIURPJURXQGEDVHGKDU - Nez Perce National Forest 'DWDZDVOLPLWHGWRWZRKHOLFRSWHUKDUYHVWXQLWV%RWKXQLWV KDGSUHKDUYHVW'6'IURPSULRUPDQDJHPHQWDQGUHFUH - ational activities. $YHUDJHSUHKDUYHVWDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'RQWKHWZRKDU - YHVWXQLWVZDV²ZHOOEHORZWKHDUHDOH[WHQW OLPLW$OO'6'ZDVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHSUHKDUYHVWFRQGLWLRQV on the units. 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Based on other stud - LHVZHH[SHFWHGWKDWKDUYHVWVHDVRQZRXOGEHDVLJQL¿FDQW IDFWRULQWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'UHVXOWLQJIURPJURXQG EDVHGWLPEHUKDUYHVWLQJ.ORFN3DJH'XPURHVHDQG RWKHUV-RKQVRQDQGRWKHUV:LQWHUJURXQG EDVHGKDUYHVWVRIWHQUHVXOWLQOHVVDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6' WKDQGXULQJRWKHUVHDVRQVZKHQSHUIRUPHGXQGHULGHDO FRQGLWLRQVDQGWKH\DUHRIWHQXVHGDVDEHVWPDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFH0LOOHUDQGRWKHUV3DJH'XPURHVHDQGRWK - HUV-RKQVRQDQGRWKHUV3DJH'XPURHVHDQG RWKHUVEHFDXVHWKH\PLQLPL]HVRLOGDPDJH+RZHYHU WKHUHZHUHWZRH[FHSWLRQVWRWKDWWUHQGLQRXUGDWD'6' UHVXOWLQJIURPJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWZDVKLJKHUGXULQJWKH ZLQWHUKDUYHVWVHDVRQWKDQWKHVXPPHUKDUYHVWVHDVRQRQ ERWKWKH)ODWKHDGDQG+HOHQD1DWLRQDO)RUHVWV7KLVZDV SDUWO\H[SODLQHGE\WKHVPDOOVDPSOHVL]HDQGVHYHUDOLQ - VWDQFHVZKHUHWKHDUHDOH[WHQWRI'6'H[FHHGHGWKH threshold for a harvest unit (see the discussions on Flathead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,QRXUH[SHULHQFH JURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWRSHUDWLRQVWKDWZHUHRQJRLQJLQ 0DUFKZHUHLQGLFDWLYHRIHLWKHUKLJKHOHYDWLRQDERYH DYHUDJHVQRZSDFNDQGRUEHORZDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHV ,QVKRUWRSWLPDOVQRZSDFNDQGWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQV IRUJURXQGEDVHGZLQWHUKDUYHVWLQJKHOSSUHVHUYHRUJDQLF KRUL]RQVZDWHULQ¿OWUDWLRQDQGURRWVWUXFWXUH:LOOLDPVRQ and Neilsen 2000). Winter conditions also reduce the oc - currence of soil compaction and rutting. 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Forest Ecology 5HLQKDUW.(IIHFWRIDFRPPHUFLDOFOHDUFXWWLQJLQ :HVW9LUJLQLDRQRYHUODQGÀRZDQGVWRUPUXQRII-RXUQDO RI)RUHVWU\ 5HLVLQJHU7:3RSH3(+DPPRQ6&1DWXUDO UHFRYHU\RIFRPSDFWHGVRLOVLQDQXSODQGKDUGZRRG IRUHVWLQ,QGLDQD1RUWKHUQ-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG)RUHVWU\ 6$6,QVWLWXWH,QF6$667$78VHUV*XLGH6$6 ,QVWLWXWH,QF&DU\1& 6WRQH'0/RJJLQJRSWLRQVWRPLQLPL]HVRLO GLVWXUEDQFHLQWKHQRUWKHUQ/DNH6WDWHV1RUWKHUQ-RXUQDO RI$SSOLHG)RUHVWU\ 8QLWHG6WDWHV'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH>86'$@ Forest Service Manual 2500. Region 1 Supplement 1R:DVKLQJWRQ'&86'HSDUWPHQWRI :HEVWHU01RUWKHUQ5HJLRQ6RLO3URJUDP0DQDJHU :LOOLDPVRQ-51HLOVHQ:$7KHLQÀXHQFHRI IRUHVWVLWHRQUDWHDQGH[WHQWRIVRLOFRPSDFWLRQDQGSUR¿OH GLVWXUEDQFHRIVNLGWUDLOVGXULQJJURXQGEDVHGKDUYHVWLQJ &DQDGLDQ-RXUQDORI)RUHVW5HVHDUFK 12 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RP-89. 2011. Mean areal extent of DSD for each harvest system by Forest. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of harvest units used t calculate mean values. Harvest system B_D * BitterrootClearwaterCusterFlatheadHelenaPanhandleKootenai ClarkLoloPerce Skyline-2.0%1.0%--2.0%4.5%2.5%-4.5% Hand fell + RTS Machine fell + 12.05%-12.9%.05%-9.4%9.9%5.4%30.0%15.8%- RTS (11) Tractor11.7 Machine fell + ------5.6%5.6%-20.0%- Machine fell + ------12.5%8.3%--- 11.2% * Beaverhead Deerlodge-National Forest Appendix A.  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