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English in Practice Direct and indirect speech English in Practice Direct and indirect speech

English in Practice Direct and indirect speech - PowerPoint Presentation

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English in Practice Direct and indirect speech - PPT Presentation

Reporting speech There are two ways of reporting what somebody says direct speech indirect or reported speech Direct Speech In direct speech we use the speakers own words In text we put speech marks around the words spoken ID: 743372

indirect speech sentence direct speech indirect direct sentence reported continuous child beautiful woman perfect exclaimed practicechange verb person reporting

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Slide1

English in Practice

Direct and indirect speechSlide2

Reporting speech There are two ways of reporting what somebody

says:direct speech indirect (or reported) speech.Slide3

Direct Speech

In direct speech we use the speaker’s own words.

“In text we put speech marks around the words spoken”

“Speech marks are also called inverted commas”Slide4

Indirect speechIn indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech) we do not use the exact words of the speaker.

Instead we report what was said.We sometimes need to change pronouns and verb tenses. We don’t use speech marks.

“I am going home.”

Helen said she was going home.Slide5

In our speech, we often speak to the other person of some thing that was said to us by somebody. In

other words, we often report a speech whether ours or someone else’s. We do this in two ways. We either report the

speech exactly as we had heard or said it without making any change.

This is called Direct Speech.

Example:

The girl said to her mother, “My plate is empty

.”Slide6

Or we may change the sentence that we had heard or said without changing its meaning and then report it.

This is called Indirect Speech.

Example: The girl said to her mother that her plate was empty.

In the first example, the first part of the sentence which is before the comma, is referred to as reporting

verb and

the part which is within inverted commas is called the reported

speech.Slide7

Rules of

transforming from direct into indirect

W

e

have made several changes in the sentence above

:

1. We have removed the comma in the indirect

sentence.

2. We have removed the inverted commas of the reported speech.3. We have changed the my of the reported speech into her.

4. We have not used any capital letter in between the sentence unlike in the direct form where the reported speech always begins with a capital letter.Now, in order to bring about these changes while converting from direct into indirect or vice-versa, there are several important but simple rules that need to be observed. They are:Slide8

Changes

in Tense and Verb:

While changing from direct to indirect we have to make different

changes regarding

tenses, verbs or helping verb. A short list is given below to have a look on those

changes:

Change

of Tenses

Direct IndirectPresent Indefinite Past

IndefinitePresent Continuous Past ContinuousPresent Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite

Past

Perfect

Past

Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

No

change

Past Perfect Continuous

No changeSlide9

If the reporting verb, i.e. the main verb in the first part of the sentence before comma is in the present or the

future tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will not change.Examples

Direct

: Mummy says, “I shall write a letter.”

Indirect

: Mummy says that she will write a letter.

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will be changed into

their corresponding past tense.

ExamplesDirect : The boy said to his friend. “I write everyday.” (Present Indefinite)Indirect : The boy said to his friend that he

wrote everyday. (Past Indefinite)Direct : The boy said to the teacher, “I am visiting her everyday.” (Present Continuous)Indirect

: The boy said to the teacher that he was

visiting her everyday

. (Past Continuous)Slide10

If the

reporting verb is in the past tense

, the

simple past

in

the

reported speech

may become the

past perfect

in the indirect speech.Examples

Direct : He said, “The horse died in the night.” (Simple Past)Indirect : He said that the horse had died

in the night. (Past Perfect)

Direct

: He said, “The man

came

at six.” (Simple Past)

Indirect

: He said that the man

had come

at six. (Past

Perfect)

If

the

reporting verb

is in the

past tense

, the

past continuous

in the

reported speech

changes into the

past perfect

continuous

.

Examples

Direct

: He said, “The man

was coming

.” (Past Continuous)

Indirect

: He said that the man

had been coming

. (Past Perfect Continuous)

Direct

:

She

said, “Rain

was falling

yesterday.” (Past Continuous)

Indirect

:

She

said that rain

had been failing

the previous day. (Past Perfect Continuous)Slide11

Change of person:

The persons of the pronouns and of the verbs In the reported speech undergo

changes when

converted Into indirect form. Thus :

First person pronouns in the direct reporter speech change according to the subject of the reporting verb.

The other changes are given in the table

below:

Direct IndirectSam said, “I” Sam said that he“we” they

“my” hisDirect: He says, “I am going to Gobabis.”Indirect: He says that he is going to Gobabis.Direct: Mummy says, “I will have to go.”

Indirect: Mummy says that she will have to go. N.B.: Second person pronouns change according to the noun or pronoun coming after the reporting verbs.Second person changes to third, if there is no mention of second person in the reporting verb part, so:Direct IndirectYou HeYour His/HerYou (Plural) TheySlide12

Your (Plural)

TheirYou (Object)

Him/Her

You (Object)

Them

Yours (object)

Theirs

But if there

is a mention of you (second person

) in the direct speech, you in the indirect speech remains unchanged.Direct: Sam said to you, “You are a good boy.”Indirect

: Sam

said to you that you were a good boy.

So:

Direct

Indirect

You

You

You (Plural)

You

Your

Your

Your (Plural)

Your

You (Object)

You

(Object

)

Examples

Direct

:

I said to Mohan, “You will have to read.”

Indirect

:

I said to Mohan that he would have to read.

Direct

: Ann said

to you, “You are wrong.”

Indirect

: Ann said

to you that you were wrong.Slide13

Third person pronouns of the direct speech remain unchanged when converted to indirect.Examples

Direct: Sita

said to me, “He will be defeated.”

Indirect

:

Sita

said to me that he would be defeated.

Direct

:

She said, “He has come.”Indirect : She said that he had come,4. Said to: If the reporting verb said to is followed by an object, it Is changed into told while converting it intoindirect speech.

ExamplesDirect: She said to her mother, “I have done my work.”Indirect:

She told her mother that she had done her work.

Direct

:

He said to me, “There is no more water.”

Indirect

:

He told me that there was no more water.Slide14

Note:

If there is mention of first person in the reporting verb part, then second person in the direct (reported)

speech changes to first person., e.g.,

Direct

: Mom said

to me, “You are a good boy.”

Indirect

: Mom told

me that I was a good boy.

Direct IndirectYou (Singular) IYou (Plural)

WeYour (Singular) MyYour (Plural) Our

You (Object, Singular)

Me

You (Object, Plural)

UsSlide15

If the reported speech has

two actions which are both in the past continuous tense, its tense will not change while

converting into indirect speech.

Example

Direct

:

She said, “The cat was running and the dog was chasing it.”

Indirect

:

She said that the cat was running and the dog was chasing it.Similarly, if the reported speech is in the past tense and indicates time or period, its tense will not change.ExampleDirect

: She said, “I worked in Delhi for two years.”Indirect: She said that she worked in Delhi for two years.Slide16

Must and need not(a) In some cases, must and need not

are used in place of have to.ExamplesDirect : He said, “I must go now.”Indirect

: He said that he had to go then.

Direct

: He said, “I need not go.”

Indirect

: He said that he

would not

have to go.(b) Must is used in place of shall have to when it expresses necessity or compulsion.ExamplesDirect : He said, “I must finish this book on Monday.”Indirect : He said that he would have to finish that book on Monday.Direct : He said, “I need not write this essay.”

Indirect : He said that he would not have to write that essay.(b) Must sometimes indicates an order or a command.Note: But in some sentences when must indicates some kind of advice or suggestion and compulsion, in those sentences must remains must.

ExampleDirect : The policeman said to us, “You must not cross the road against the red light.”Indirect : The policeman told us that we must not cross the road against the red light.Slide17

Using Speech in Your WritingUsing speech in fiction and non-fiction writing adds variety.

However, writing out long pieces of direct speech can make your writing confusing. It also slows down the action.Reported speech can summarise what the speaker has said so that the action moves along more quickly.

Reported speech is useful when you want a contrast between what a

person says

and what he or she is thinking. Slide18

Advantages and disadvantages of each type of speech.

Direct speech can show what a character is like.Long speeches can be boring.Too many speakers can confuse the reader.

Direct speech can add variety to writing.

Indirect speech can be summarised briefly so that it does not slow down the pace of the action.

It can show a contrast between what a character is saying and what he or she is thinking.Slide19

SummaryIn your writing use mainly reported speech. Use direct speech only to emphasise the main points your characters make.

Don’t bore and confuse your readers by writing out long conversations between your speakers.

Direct speech should be used sparingly.

It is most effective when only the most forceful statements are put into direct speech.Slide20

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

She

said to him, “I am leaving now and shall return after two hours

.”

She

told

him that

she

was leaving then and would return after two hours.Slide21

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

Boys said, “It has been raining since morning. We cannot play today

.”

Boys

said

that it

had been raining

since morning and they

could not play that

day. Slide22

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

 My father said to me, “I fear that you have caught cold again

.”

My father

told

me that  

he

feared

that  I had caught cold again. Slide23

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

Her husband said to her,  “I shall not go to the office today as I am not feeling well

.”

Her husband

told

her that

he

would not go to the office

that day as he was not feeling well

. Slide24

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

His friend said to him, “Did I not warn you against this before hand

?”

 His friend

asked

him if

he

had not warned him

against that before.Slide25

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The rich man said to the beggar, “Why do you not do any work? Do you not feel 

ashamed

in begging alms from others

?”

The

rich man

asked

the beggar why

he/she did not do any work and if he/she

did not feel ashamed in begging alms from others.Slide26

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The traveler asked the

cabman

, “How long will you take to reach the

destination? Can't

you drive the cab a little faster

?”

 

The

traveler asked the cabman how long he would take to reach the destination and if

he     could not drive the cab a little faster.Slide27

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The woman said, “What a

very beautiful

child this is

!”

The woman

exclaimed

that

that

child was very beautiful. 

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide28

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The captain said, “

Bravo! Well

done

, boys!”

The

captain

applauded

the boys

saying that they had done

well.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide29

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The old lady said, “May you live long, my son!”

The old lady

prayed

that

her

son

might live long.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide30

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The doctor said to the patient, "Do not smoke.“

The doctor

advised

the patient

not to smoke

.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide31

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

The father said to his son, "Let us go visit your granny tomorrow.”

The father

suggested

to his son that

they

should go visit

his

granny the following day. 

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide32

PracticeChange the following sentence into indirect speech.

One member of the congregation stood up and said to the preacher," There are two boys in the village and their parents are fed up with their

behaviour

. Will you find time to meet them?

He said to him, "Yes, ask their parents to send

both of the

boys to me separately tomorrow morning.“

One member of the congregation stood up and

told

the preacher that there were two boys in the village and their parents

were fed up with their behaviour. He asked him if he

would find

time to meet them.

He

agreed

and

told

him to ask their parents to

send both of the boys to

him

separately

the following day

in the

morning

.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.

The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful.Slide33

Thanks